<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009</id><updated>2012-02-15T23:39:09.018-08:00</updated><category term='Psychologie'/><category term='FAMA'/><category term='Arbitrage'/><category term='Dow Jones'/><category term='TALEB'/><category term='Keynes'/><category term='China'/><category term='dette'/><category term='nominal'/><category term='Complexité'/><category term='Behavioral Economics'/><category term='macroeconomie'/><category term='illusion monetaire'/><category term='BERNANKE'/><category term='Statistiques'/><category term='Cygne Noir'/><category term='Marchés financiers'/><category term='MANDELBROT'/><category term='KAHNEMAN'/><category term='Lois de Puissances'/><category term='SORNETTE'/><category term='Esprit Animaux'/><category term='Or'/><category term='Foreign Exchange'/><category term='Diamond'/><category term='Nasdaq'/><category term='Probabilités'/><category term='Politique Monétaire'/><category term='Banque Centrale'/><category term='Analyse Technique'/><category term='inflation'/><category term='Hasard'/><category term='Tversky'/><category term='CAC40'/><category term='euro'/><category term='réel'/><category term='Subprime'/><category term='FED'/><category term='Google'/><category term='Options'/><category term='Knowledge'/><category term='conjoncture'/><category term='Friedman'/><category term='dollar'/><category term='monetary policy'/><category term='PIB'/><category term='Rogoff'/><category term='Monnaie'/><category term='Réseaux'/><category term='SHILLER'/><category term='Loi Normale'/><category term='politique monetaire'/><category term='Improbable'/><title type='text'>L'Economie des Nuls</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>17</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-2469678952268395377</id><published>2010-02-03T01:06:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-06-25T12:44:35.864-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dow Jones'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dollar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conjoncture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='China'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Analyse Technique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='monetary policy'/><title type='text'>American and Chinese Monetary Policy : a Macro Perspective</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/26275322?secret_password=1ucwi95c2z6ij31wcp6r"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;A (short) but interesting piece by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;UBS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; Wealth Management Research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; comparing the monetary stance of the FED and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;PBOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span";"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;For years, observers have turned to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;ECB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; to provide them a comparison-basis to judge the FED and its policies. As Europe is likely to undergo an extended period of under-par growth and internal questioning and as China gains momentum on the international scene, attention will turn to the Chinese central banking model and how it fares relatively to its Northern American counterpart.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Comparing China and America is a&amp;nbsp;perilous&amp;nbsp;exercise&amp;nbsp;given the stark differences between both countries. A country of 1.3 billion inhabitants which has undergone in the past 30 years the fastest-paced political and economic streamlining in history cannot fall under the broad definition of being a "capitalist" or "communist" country.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Moral hazard, defined as governmental intervention to bail out insolvent parties, is often referred to when describing the USA. Not China. There is no&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Xiaochuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; put. What the US spent to save &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;AIG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;, the Chinese government used to build infrastructures.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;In the 1980's, benefiting from the opening up of the local market, western banks started settling in China and making a series of bad loans to local entities. They took for granted the Chinese government would step in and prevent national companies from failing. It didn't.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;As embodied by chairman &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Bernanke's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; reelection, trying and failing is accepted, if not rewarded, in the US. In China, accountability of governmental institutions is the first pillar of social rest. In China, the Party cannot fail. It has to "cross the river by feeling the stones(1)".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;How monetary policy is considered, channeled and judged is highly impacted by these divergent mantras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Correlated Quantitative Easing, Mixed Results&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2kQpIUKUGI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/y3z93EJBL2M/s1600-h/Monetary%20Expansion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="275" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2kQpIUKUGI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/y3z93EJBL2M/s400/Monetary%20Expansion.jpg" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Bernanke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; had announced(2) he would fight deflation at all costs, referring to Milton Friedman's "helicopter drop" of money. The least is to say he held tight to his principles, adding $813 billion to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;FED's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; balance sheet in the 5 months to August 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;With hindsight, it seems that decoupling presented to heavy an opportunity cost for China and its government. Lacking internal demand and economic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;knowhow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;, China had to make do with the US, and reciprocally. Even today, it is hard to say where the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;USD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; would stand if the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;renminbi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; peg had not be resumed in mid 2008, triggering in the process a rally in the greenback.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Whether it was targeted at sustaining national economic growth, limiting the downside risk on its trade account, or maintaining the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;renminbi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;USD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; peg, China correlated its monetary stance to its western counterpart's. Monetary mass expanded y-o-y by 32% in China, leaving the country awash with liquidity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Chimerica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; had committed to quantitative easing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Confidence is the backbone of monetary policy efficiency. Without confidence, monetary expansion boils down to pushing on a string.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;On the one hand, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;FED's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; credibility had been eroded in the wake of the IT bubble with the so called Greenspan Put.&amp;nbsp;On the other hand, People's Bank of China is ran by the Chinese government which,&amp;nbsp;contrarily&amp;nbsp;to the prevalent opinion among China bears, is supported by its people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;In the US, banks witnessed how market speculation had triggered a run on Bear &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Stearns&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;, and fear grew they were exposed to similar margin call risks.&amp;nbsp;In China, People's Bank of China has a significant stake in local banks and is hence capable of influencing their policy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;This diverse drivers resulted in similar quantitative easing policies being channeled in deeply divergent ways, and thus entailing&amp;nbsp;different&amp;nbsp;outcomes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Where did the money go?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;As a major share of their assets were valued according to mark-to-market standards, fading confidence resulted in a rapid downsizing of American banks' balance sheets. Relying on risk models based on the erroneous assumption of normally distributed returns, banks were caught off-guard. Being granted almost overnight a "free lunch" by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;FED's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &amp;nbsp;easy money, they used the freshly printed dollars to increase their reserves and thus hedge their margin call risk exposure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;The central bank is entitled to supply aggregate reserves. The FED did so by expanding its balance sheet to record levels. However, it is the bank's role to supply end money (currency in circulation). It is their behavior which drives the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;deposit expansion multiplier.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Designating the incremental money in circulation for each dollar added to the monetary base, the money multiplier is correlated to the banks' willingness to lend.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mMTfYtgqI/AAAAAAAAAKI/ZX19dd_R2Ck/s1600-h/Multiplier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="108" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mMTfYtgqI/AAAAAAAAAKI/ZX19dd_R2Ck/s640/Multiplier.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;When the crisis peaked and confidence dropped, the deposit expansion multiplier plummeted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;A situation both visible in M1...:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mB6bjxURI/AAAAAAAAAKE/nDY2o3h2n5M/s1600-h/M1%20correlation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="291" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mB6bjxURI/AAAAAAAAAKE/nDY2o3h2n5M/s640/M1%20correlation.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;...and in M2: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mSXFEGMTI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/xF_BqBhpgdI/s1600-h/Money%20Multiplier%20Excess%20Reserves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="270" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mSXFEGMTI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/xF_BqBhpgdI/s640/Money%20Multiplier%20Excess%20Reserves.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;As a result, M2 increased by $538 billion when the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;FED's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; balance sheet had expanded by $813 billion, a 40% difference. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Bernanke&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; succeeded in what he&amp;nbsp;thought&amp;nbsp;central bankers had did wrong during the Great Depression of 1931: printing sufficient money to maintain M2 expansion. History has taught central bankers a major lesson : when confidence plunges, base money supply is a poor indicator of money in circulation and thus of market liquidity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;The banks' reluctance to lend prevented the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;FED's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; expansionary monetary policy from&amp;nbsp;kick starting the real&amp;nbsp;economy. However, the excess money was&amp;nbsp;channeled&amp;nbsp;by&amp;nbsp;institutional&amp;nbsp;investors to financial markets and ignited an asset reflation-led recovery.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;China offers a brighter picture of monetary policy effectiveness, local banks having lent accordingly to the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;PBOC's&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; centrally planned and directive policies.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mRd9wm92I/AAAAAAAAAKM/Jl1KMGSvKuQ/s1600-h/China's%20Credit%20Growth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="347" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2mRd9wm92I/AAAAAAAAAKM/Jl1KMGSvKuQ/s640/China's%20Credit%20Growth.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;1 is the money multiplier threshold. Above 1, growth in the money supply exceeds base money growth. Under 1, the outcome is the opposite. Since 2007, M2 growth in China has outpaced GDP growth, implying a money multiplier &amp;gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Less leveraged and more state-driven than their western counterparts, Chinese banks succeeded in providing the necessary liquidity to both the real and financial domestic markets, hence maintaining annual real GDP growth &amp;gt;5%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2pEkiTkmiI/AAAAAAAAAKU/yvHBUX7kASY/s1600-h/Real-GDP-growth-in-USA-and-China_1990-2020.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="265" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2pEkiTkmiI/AAAAAAAAAKU/yvHBUX7kASY/s400/Real-GDP-growth-in-USA-and-China_1990-2020.PNG" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;During the 4th quarter of 2008, the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;PBOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; started by pausing its emission of central bank bills in the exchange market (sales that were aimed at offsetting upside tensions on the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;RMB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; created by the trade and capital account surpluses).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;It is also worth noting that the financial environment was different &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;before&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;the financial crisis in China and the US, thus resulting in divergent monetary policy outcomes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;China had taken advantage of its above par expansion pace to streamline its banking system through massive capital injections and non-performing loans write-offs. The dramatic increase in liquidity in&amp;nbsp;the inter-bank money market has thus spurred a rapid increase in bank&amp;nbsp;credit and broad money supply.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;Part 2: Money Never Sleeps, Inflation outlook in the US and China&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;(1)&amp;nbsp;“Crossing the River by Feeling Each Stone” refers to&amp;nbsp;the pragmatic policy of Deng Xiaoping, to move ahead with economic reforms slowly and pragmatically.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/boardDocs/speeches/2002/20021121/default.htm"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;http://www.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;federalreserve&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;.gov/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;boardDocs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;/speeches/2002/20021121/default.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="goog-spellcheck-word" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/26401789/American-and-Chinese-Monetary-Policy" style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto; text-decoration: underline;" title="View American and Chinese Monetary Policy on Scribd"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;American and Chinese Monetary Policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" ;"&gt;&lt;object data="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" height="600" id="doc_307086727641954" name="doc_307086727641954" style="outline: none;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%"&gt;  &lt;param name="movie" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="opaque"&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;param name="FlashVars" value="document_id=26401789&amp;access_key=key-1oxx4dzzfloi1vk2jjh7&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list"&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-2469678952268395377?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/2469678952268395377/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2010/02/american-and-chinese-monetary-policy.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/2469678952268395377'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/2469678952268395377'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2010/02/american-and-chinese-monetary-policy.html' title='American and Chinese Monetary Policy : a Macro Perspective'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S2kQpIUKUGI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/y3z93EJBL2M/s72-c/Monetary%20Expansion.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-7613672790265328777</id><published>2010-01-12T01:54:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-20T01:46:56.896-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Moral Hazard and the Corporate fixed income market</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;As shown by this chart (courtesy of Zero Hedge), European sovereign spreads measured by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"&gt;Markit iTraxx SovX Western Europe Index have risen higher than corporate iTraxx indexes for the first time in history, reflecting growing fears of a sovereign default tail risk in 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0xCVgCckFI/AAAAAAAAAJY/vShjnixDK6I/s1600-h/SovX%20Sen-Sub.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0xCVgCckFI/AAAAAAAAAJY/vShjnixDK6I/s640/SovX%20Sen-Sub.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;First, the analysis requires&amp;nbsp;mentioning&amp;nbsp;that the geographical composition of both indexes differs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;As described by Markit, the SovX indexes include:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;Markit iTraxx SovX G7 – tracking the credit risk of the most industrialised countries in the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;Markit iTraxx SovX Global Liquid IG – tracking the credit risk of countries in Asia Pacific, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Middle East &amp;amp; Africa, North America and Western Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;Markit iTraxx SovX Western Europe – tracking the credit risk of 15 countries in Western Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;Markit iTraxx SovX CEEMEA – tracking the credit risk of 15 countries in the CEEMEA region.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;If the breakdown of the corporate index is not disclosed, the inversion of the curve would not be witnessed were both indices to be trade-weighted in the same way.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Second, the limited lifespan of the European SovX index must be discounted, the index having been opened to trading only since September 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;However, the spread between the Sovx and Corporate indexes stands at a record-low level and even turns negative without the geographical distinction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;On the one hand, debt-laden governments face increasing doubts from investors regarding their ability to fund both previous and upcoming fiscal stimuli. We distinguish two premia drivers depending on country monetary independence:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Fiat currency countries: Being able to use quantitative easing strategies to inflate out of their debt, there is low tail risk these countries will default. In these countries, spreads are driven&amp;nbsp;primarily by inflation expectations.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Countries with no/low monetary indepence: as it is the case for Greece, increasing CDS spread are driven by default risk perceptions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;On the other hand, corporate spreads are driven lower by develeraging and a global improvement in corporate cash flow generation. There is little doubt investors also consider central bank interventions will be led were corporate default risk to appear. The sheer definition of moral hazard.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;As a result of these trends, credit default swaps spreads&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;between European sovereigns (equally weighted) and the European investment grade credit universe have significantly tightened.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;This news comes as corporate bonds issuance and subscriptions reach record levels, suggesting that Q1 2010 could provide credit markets with a 2009-type windfall.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;On the sovereign side, the yield curve between 10y and 2y has reached the 288 basis point record mark, reflecting growing anticipation the FED will hike rates sooner than expected.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Were central banks to move towards interest rate raising, the trend on corporate bonds yield will reverse as bond price go down. As seen on the chart, the corporate itraxx has retraced its Lehman related increase and has been range bound during the last 2 months.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;As the spread between government bonds and high investment grade corporate bonds closes to 0, investors will increasingly shift to riskier positions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-7613672790265328777?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/7613672790265328777/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2010/01/moral-hazard-and-corporate-fixed-income.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/7613672790265328777'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/7613672790265328777'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2010/01/moral-hazard-and-corporate-fixed-income.html' title='Moral Hazard and the Corporate fixed income market'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0xCVgCckFI/AAAAAAAAAJY/vShjnixDK6I/s72-c/SovX%20Sen-Sub.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-2482011879364505487</id><published>2010-01-11T01:56:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-01-12T01:02:58.208-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dollar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='FED'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='euro'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='monetary policy'/><title type='text'>The Currency Issue</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;A new year, and most importantly a new decade. Investors place great hope in 2010 as a turning point, as if the year could provide them with a new starting point.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;As the subprime scheme unraveled and triggered a global credit crisis, hopes placed in the 21st century as the new moderation era have vanished. Whether it stems from IT-driven business models, ever increasing house prices or global decoupling mythes; one lesson we shall keep in mind is that mean reversion is the norm and genuine paradigm shift the exception.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Throughout the unraveling of the housing and credit bubbles, governments have globally put to extensive work their currency printing press. For this reason, at least, currencies are bound to play a center role in the development of the global economy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;Hence, as a reminder to myself more than as a attempt to forecasts random macro upheavals that could occur in this new year, I here list some key developments we could witness. None of them are time bound, and all of them are imagination driven.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;As directional risk in global portfolios increased due to growing asset correlation, currencies' role as an independent asset class will rise. In the era of uncertainty, investors seeking liquidity and transparency will certainly allocate a growing share of their portfolio to currencies. Currency-based portfolio diversification should gain further momentum due to the increasing attention given to ETF vehicles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Active currency in portfolios is used in two primary ways. Either via an active overlay to a plan's international exposures or by taking on currency as a separate or alternative asset class … However for all intents and purposes, active currency has zero correlation to the major equity and fixed income asset classes. … In the search to add non-correlated series to achieve diversified returns, active currency can play a significant role. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;KATHY MANN,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Currency as an asset class&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;As sovereign-credit fear rises in 2010, the prices of the dollar and the euro will be increasingly driven by country risk exposure. Were fears to grow on one of the country's economic partners, the dollar will likely overshoot to the downside.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;In this scenario, Greece and Ukraine could &amp;nbsp;represent a significant downside tail risk for the euro, and trigger a rally in the dollar. This could further delay the awaited renminbi depeg.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;As the mix between short-term and long-term unemployment becomes increasingly skewed towards the latter in developed countries, social resentment will feed a new wave of political backfire against currency manipulation. Due to the its comparatively low labor cost base and its growing role in the global economy, pressure will likely mount on China to revalue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;China is certainly to keep its peg until the 27% increase in the dollar value that occurred between July 2008 (when the Renminbi peg was reimplemented) and November 2008 is fully retraced.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;There is little doubt the Chinese moderation principle will once again be applied to the renminbi revaluation. Fragility in the banking sector, doubts on probable government-led price&amp;nbsp;distortion&amp;nbsp;and record monetary expansion (+32% year on year) are too significant bulwarks to a free floating yuan to be ignored.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0rytgshHeI/AAAAAAAAAJM/rosWAwHR0WQ/s1600-h/NA-BC082_YUAN_NS_20091117190024.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0rytgshHeI/AAAAAAAAAJM/rosWAwHR0WQ/s320/NA-BC082_YUAN_NS_20091117190024.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Recent political developments in Japan and associated moves in the yen relatively to other major currencies suggest political announcements will be a major driver for the currency. Two lost economic decades and the country's remote location from the economic Asia-Pacific zone are major impediments to a short-term growth resumption.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;National policies in Japan will focus more importantly on internal macro tweaking. As a result, and until a renminbi detachment provides investors with a third major currency position, the correlation between the euro and the dollar should further its way to -1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;As it hovers around 1.5, the euro/dollar (EURUSD=X) still stands 7% short of its July 2008 level when the Renmibi peg was made reeffective. Hence, a Chinese revaluation in the short-term could send the euro above the 1.60 mark against the euro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0vPtiz_C_I/AAAAAAAAAJU/Be7HOHAa14Y/s1600-h/Euro_Dollar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="306" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0vPtiz_C_I/AAAAAAAAAJU/Be7HOHAa14Y/s400/Euro_Dollar.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px;"&gt;Governments relying on highly price elastic goods and services or/and willing to inflate their way out of debt could engage a&amp;nbsp;21st-century "beg my neighbor" global policy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;As governments pursue their asset reflation policies, greater currency debasement is expectable. In the short-term, chances are these policies will be equivalent to "pulling on a string" as long as credit creation remains in negative territory. Were lending and confidence, its compulsory counterpart, to resume, higher inflation will feed in the real economy thus increasing the macro-risks pending.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0snbpDPMVI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/jPQy2lpYWd0/s1600-h/Money%20Creation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="297" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0snbpDPMVI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/jPQy2lpYWd0/s640/Money%20Creation.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;As noted in &lt;b&gt;JP Morgan's 2010 EMEA Outlook:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;i&gt;Currency&amp;nbsp;markets do not meet the usual criteria for bubbles –extreme valuation, momentum and leverage.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;In the risk averse environment we trade in, this could prove to be the most important driver to the FX market.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-2482011879364505487?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/2482011879364505487/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2010/01/currency-issue.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/2482011879364505487'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/2482011879364505487'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2010/01/currency-issue.html' title='The Currency Issue'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/S0rytgshHeI/AAAAAAAAAJM/rosWAwHR0WQ/s72-c/NA-BC082_YUAN_NS_20091117190024.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-9105252086783322563</id><published>2009-12-02T23:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-12-03T00:06:50.253-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dollar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Banque Centrale'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conjoncture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Or'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Foreign Exchange'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politique Monétaire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Monnaie'/><title type='text'>Would a fly to safety benefit the US dollar?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;For people who still believe in a strong dollar, there is little doubt Dubai's announce that it could default on its debt was a positive Black Swan event.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) It was rather unpredicted: Amid the annoucement,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;the Nikkei 225 lost 3.2 percent (its biggest one-day decline in almost eight months), the Korean Kospi fell 4.7 percent (a four-month low) Australia's S&amp;amp;P/ASX 200 lost 2.9 percent and Hong Kong's Hang Seng dropped 5.1 percent to 21,088.55&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2) It involves systemic risks and could turn out to be the tipping point that brings us to descend the second slope of the crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3)It triggered a (short-term) rally to the dollar, at a moment when Greenbak futures were plummetting an the dollar trade index continuing its slide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though, this rally was short lived, as shown below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;a _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981020297043-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981020297043-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" rel="lightbox"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;img _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981020297043-I-m-too-Complex.png" align="middle" hspace="6" src="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981020297043-I-m-too-Complex.png" vspace="6" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What we should apparently learn from this mini dollar rally is that even if Treasury debt was multiplied by 24 from US$0.5 Trillion to $12 Trillion and the US dollar Index &amp;nbsp;(NYBOT US$) &amp;nbsp;lost more than 16% since last March;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;the fly to safety argument holds firm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;The fact that the financial community continues to lend back to the government QE money by buying T-bonds even in negative rates&amp;nbsp;territory is another argument supporting the "safe heaven" greenback t(h)e(rr)orists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, let's face the other aspect of the Dubai events: the possibility of living the infamous "double dip" because of a sovereign debt crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As shown by the following chart (courtesy of Morgan Stanley), the Great Depression (the only crisis comparable in direness to the one we are experiencing) was prolonged by a sovereign debt crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;a _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981172082327-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981172082327-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" rel="lightbox"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;img _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981172082327-I-m-too-Complex.png" align="middle" hspace="6" src="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981172082327-I-m-too-Complex.png" vspace="6" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;As visible in the rise of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a _fcksavedurl="http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/462226-surly-trader/37793-dubai-a-crisis-of-confidence" href="http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/462226-surly-trader/37793-dubai-a-crisis-of-confidence" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;CDS spreads&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, premiums are already integrating sovereign debt risks concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Currently, financial institutions are comparable to boxers going entering a new round after getting beaten up in the last one, still dizzy from the uppercut received before the bell but feeling better after the medics applied soothing balm on their wounds. At this point in the fight, a slight hit from the opponent in a sweet spot &amp;nbsp;would pave the way to knock out.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As measured by debt holding of countries with high sovereign defaulting risks, the US' exposure is less important than Europe's one, feeding bullish sentiment towards the dollar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;a _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981523519944-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981523519944-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" rel="lightbox"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;img _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981523519944-I-m-too-Complex.png" align="middle" hspace="6" src="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/2/496600-125981523519944-I-m-too-Complex.png" vspace="6" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However, before jumping to the conclusion that the dollar will rally would Ukraine; Greece or Ireland announce they default there is at least one other aspect we should consider: &amp;nbsp;governments, worlwide, seem utterly concerned by monetary policy and a "currency war" scenario should not be banned. The unwinding of the QE fed carry trade bears too heavy a political brunt to happen in an orderly fashion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the plumetting dollar is considered as a major issue in Japan and Europe, the impacts of an unwinding of the dollar carry trade cannot be reduced to these countries alone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The St Louis FED establishes two trade dollar weighted indexes : USD/Major Currencies; USD/Broad&lt;br /&gt;As defined by its statements:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Broad currency index includes the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Euro Area, Canada, Japan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, Mexico, China,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Brazil,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Switzerland&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, Thailand, Philippines,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Australia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, Indonesia, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Russia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, Sweden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, Argentina, Venezuela, Chile and Colombia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Major currencies index includes the Euro Area, Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Australia, and Sweden&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Emphasis mine. Bold shows countries present in both lists, I will call them "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Emerging Currencies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;" from now on.&lt;br /&gt;A quick glance shows us that from the countries included only in the "broad" index, none is European.&lt;br /&gt;Japan and the Euro area are both included in the Major Currency Index.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When diversification from the dollar is the trend, "emerging currencies" appreciate faster against the dollar than "Major Currencies"."Fly to safety" events erase those gains meaning they follow the same evolution to the dollar than "major Currencies". This describes the situation that occured since the beggining of the crisis:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-125982065781397-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-125982065781397-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" rel="lightbox"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;img _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-125982065781397-I-m-too-Complex.png" align="middle" hspace="6" src="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-125982065781397-I-m-too-Complex.png" vspace="6" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Fly to safety" logic relies on a risk/reward tradeoff hypothesis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The dollar rally ignited in q4 2008 occured mostly because fears of systemic risk pushed investors to short their holdings in both "major" and "Emerging" Currencies and go long the Dollar.&lt;br /&gt;Fear that we would live another Argentina-style debt default domino effect or a repeat of Q4 08 volatility is turning out to push the dollar safe-heaven status to the point it masks US fundamentals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As of today, we have no real clue as of if a sovereign debt crisis will be contained to 2nd rank European and Middle Eastern Countries or cause a systemic shake in the global economy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, since the trade weighted USD index peaked on March 9th this year at 115.094 (Major Currencies Index), most of the diversification strategy has been directed towards "Emerging Currencies" (which, as seen before, do not include European Countries).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;       &lt;a _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-12598224102362-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-12598224102362-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" rel="lightbox"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;img _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-12598224102362-I-m-too-Complex.png" align="middle" hspace="6" src="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-12598224102362-I-m-too-Complex.png" vspace="6" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;From this situation, two conclusions arise:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- With Greece, Ukraine or Iceland at the first stage the epicenter of the sovereign debt crisis seems Euro-centered. Since most of the diversification away from the dollar has been directed towards non European economies, were a dollar rally to take place in the short term it should be rather moderate. In the long-term, we have too few insights at the moment to exclude another "fly to safety"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Omitted this far, we cannot be blind to how gold is considered as a new hedge by investors. A dollar rally scenario relies on the fact that the greenback would continue to be considered as the only "safe heaven". Since Oct 2007, fly to safety benefitted the USD but also gold, Treasuries and German bunds. Gold, above all, has tracked the major events in the Credit crisis, respectively spiking and relieving in recessions and improvements.&lt;br /&gt;In the case a global sovereign debt crisis occurs, laying bare the nocuous effects of the fiat currency printing policy, there is little doubt the dollar would be the naked king.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a _fcksavedurl="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-12598224102362-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/12/3/496600-12598224102362-I-m-too-Complex_origin.png" rel="lightbox"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-9105252086783322563?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/9105252086783322563/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/12/would-fly-to-safety-benefit-us-dollar.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/9105252086783322563'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/9105252086783322563'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/12/would-fly-to-safety-benefit-us-dollar.html' title='Would a fly to safety benefit the US dollar?'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-681425846440549403</id><published>2009-11-28T08:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-28T08:47:28.401-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dow Jones'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Behavioral Economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Esprit Animaux'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Analyse Technique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Google'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='SHILLER'/><title type='text'>Confidence: What Google has to tell us</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #2d2d2d; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"&gt;Throughout my reading of the financial news of the last two years, I have come across two main themes again and again:&lt;br /&gt;-The subprime crisis and its aftermath&lt;br /&gt;-The rising of Google, possibly the most scrutinized company of our time&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A lot of people agree that the subprime mess stems from the irrational exuberance of markets, which has successively led the markets up, down, and up again.&lt;br /&gt;The recovery from the March lows may only be due to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/business/economy/22view.html" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #579fc4; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"&gt;confidence gaining ground.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I believe one reason we have trouble understanding and taming these "animal spirits" is reductionism. Can we consider the confidence surveys we follow with great attention to be relevant when they only consider a sample of the population and are limited to a single country? In our complex and interlinked economy, can we consider confidence to have territorial frontiers?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is where Google and its worldwide presence comes into play. The ubiquity of the "Don't be evil" company could turn out to provide us with a great tool to assess Global Confidence, a worldwide prediction market&amp;nbsp;without the biases and reductionism of traditional (and costly) surveys.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A lot of talks has taken place lastly on the different scenarios we should expect.&lt;br /&gt;Google can help us compare, through the search occurrences and apparitions in Google News of the different terms, were we stand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/11/28/496600-125941869541409-I-m-too-Complex_origin.jpg" rel="lightbox" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #024999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img align="middle" alt="Search occurences on Google of the recession Scenarii (index 1 on &amp;quot;V shaped&amp;quot;) " hspace="6" src="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/11/28/496600-125941869541409-I-m-too-Complex.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 480px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" vspace="6" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not surprisingly, we observe a good fit between search occurrences and apparition in the news.&lt;br /&gt;Now, assuming that the search volume index represents the global opinion and News reference volume the experts opinion, the global and experts thinking seem correlated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Therefore, the recent increase in news articles mentioning a double dip recession could reach a&lt;strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tipping Point&lt;/strong&gt;, moment when the fear of a&amp;nbsp;W shaped recovery could feed in the global opinion and entail a self fulfilling prophecy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If, we are truly living a Confidence based recovery, the only thing we have to hope for is hope itself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Confidence is also greatly influenced by people that, following Malcom Gladwell's definition, we should define as Mavens&lt;span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Example Investors Figures of these Mavens would include Warren Buffet, Bill Gross, Marc Faber and R.Prechter. These "information specialist are the people that "we rely upon to connect us with new information" and have the capacity to "start word to mouth epidemics".&lt;br /&gt;Once again, the growing pessimism of these Mavens (Bill Gross' last newsletter expresses fear of Bubbles, for those who missed&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://media.pimco-global.com/pdfs/pdf/PIMCO%20Investment%20Outlook%20Anything%20But%2012-09.pdf?WT.cg_n=PIMCO-US&amp;amp;WT.ti=PIMCO%20Investment%20Outlook%20Anything%20But%2012-09.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #579fc4; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"&gt;it&lt;/a&gt;) could feed into our global confidence Google Index.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Google Search Volume for "Market Bubble" is currently reaching yearly highs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/11/28/496600-125942164213981-I-m-too-Complex_origin.jpg" rel="lightbox" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #024999; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img align="middle" alt="Google Search Volume Index for &amp;quot;Market Bubble&amp;quot; 2009" height="369" hspace="6" src="http://static.seekingalpha.com/uploads/2009/11/28/496600-125942164213981-I-m-too-Complex.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 480px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" vspace="6" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No Indicator can predict how the markets will react.&lt;br /&gt;Ironically, Google has been one of the pioneers in implementing a prediction markets for employees to assess variables as the company's future growth, on the assumptions that the higher the employees' confidence, the more they would strive to drive the future growth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Google, with its worldwide presence and use, could turn out to be a great tool for trend analysis.&lt;br /&gt;Maybe Google is the End of the World as we know it, but the picture it has to show us could be the World as we should know it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-681425846440549403?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/681425846440549403/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/confidence-what-google-has-to-tell-us.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/681425846440549403'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/681425846440549403'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/confidence-what-google-has-to-tell-us.html' title='Confidence: What Google has to tell us'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-8042201143786886050</id><published>2009-11-22T08:57:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-23T19:30:08.517-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='CAC40'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Behavioral Economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Banque Centrale'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='BERNANKE'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Esprit Animaux'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Analyse Technique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='SHILLER'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Subprime'/><title type='text'>La reprise est-elle au coin de la Rue?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Selon &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;Ben BERNANKE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, elle semble&amp;nbsp;l'être.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Pourtant, peu de signes pointent aujourd'hui vers une sortie de crise rapide. Pour une analyse point par point du gap entre le scénario optimiste de la FED et la réalité des indicateurs, voir &lt;a href="http://seekingalpha.com/article/174634-show-me-economic-expansion-chairman-bernanke?source=email"&gt;ici&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Peu de personnes remettent en cause le fait que depuis la mi-mars,&amp;nbsp;l'économie&amp;nbsp;mondiale semble avoir retrouve le chemin de la croissance&amp;nbsp;économique. Cependant, encore moins paraissent l'attribuer a une&amp;nbsp;amélioration&amp;nbsp;des fondamentaux.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Se pencher sur le&amp;nbsp;phénomène&amp;nbsp;d&lt;a href="http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/illusion-monetaire-marches-financiers.html"&gt;'illusion&amp;nbsp;monétaire&lt;/a&gt; offre une piste de&amp;nbsp;compréhension du rally actuel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Si il y a une leçon à retenir de la crise des subprimes, c'est que l'ensemble des scénarii possibles est beaucoup plus important que ce que les modèles, voire les individus, peuvent l'imaginer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Les systèmes complexes, dont les marchés financiers font partie&amp;nbsp;intégrante, sont caractérisés par des&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Marches Aléatoires&lt;/b&gt;. Le &lt;b&gt;Mo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;uvement Brownien &lt;/b&gt;utilisé pour représenter l'évolution des Marchés Financiers, comme son nom ne l'indique pas, est dérivé du mouvement pris par des particules de Pollen dans un liquide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Ce phénomène de marche aléatoire rend obligatoire une analyse en termes de Scénarii. Nous devons apprendre à vivre avec, et exploiter, l'improbable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;“Better prepare for confrontation than hope that the enemy will not come;&lt;br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;Better ensure one’s defense is impenetrable than hope that the enemy will not attack.” – &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Sun-Tzu&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a bluekey="" bluelink="yes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;The Art of War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;6th Century, B.C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Développer&amp;nbsp;plusieurs&amp;nbsp;scénarii permet de&amp;nbsp;développer&amp;nbsp;des&amp;nbsp;stratégies&amp;nbsp;de couverture&amp;nbsp;variées et de fait de&amp;nbsp;bénéficier&amp;nbsp;d'une couverture globale&amp;nbsp;face aux chocs&amp;nbsp;asymétriques.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comme le prouve la&amp;nbsp;publication&amp;nbsp;le 20 Novembre par la&amp;nbsp;Société&amp;nbsp;Generale du &lt;b style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Worst Case Scenario&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;cette&amp;nbsp;méthodologie&amp;nbsp;a gagne en reconnaissance au sein des&amp;nbsp;établissements&amp;nbsp;financiers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/22776263/Societe-Generale-Worst-Case-Debt-Scenario-Fourth-Quarter-Nov-2009" style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 12px auto 6px auto; text-decoration: underline;" title="View Société Générale Worst Case Debt Scenario Fourth Quarter Nov 2009 on Scribd"&gt;Société Générale Worst Case Debt Scenario Fourth Quarter Nov 2009&lt;/a&gt; &lt;object align="middle" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,0,0" height="500" id="doc_458941853481320" name="doc_458941853481320" width="450"&gt;  &lt;param name="movie" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=22776263&amp;access_key=key-hvat71yyetz0bkn4974&amp;page=1&amp;version=1&amp;viewMode=list"&gt;&lt;param name="quality" value="high"&gt;&lt;param name="play" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="loop" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="scale" value="showall"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="opaque"&gt;&lt;param name="devicefont" value="false"&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"&gt;&lt;param name="menu" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;param name="salign" value=""&gt;&lt;param name="mode" value="list"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf?document_id=22776263&amp;access_key=key-hvat71yyetz0bkn4974&amp;page=1&amp;version=1&amp;viewMode=list" quality="high" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" play="true" loop="true" scale="showall" wmode="opaque" devicefont="false" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="doc_458941853481320_object" menu="true" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" salign="" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" align="middle" mode="list" height="500" width="450"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt; &lt;/object&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parmi les indicateurs pouvant nous renseigner sur les inquiétudes et tendances, Google se révèle&amp;nbsp;être&amp;nbsp;un outil puissant. Pouvoir analyser ce que les individus recherchent et publient, nous donne l'opportunité de dessiner une &lt;b&gt;opinion collective &lt;/b&gt;et&amp;nbsp;de pondérer la place&amp;nbsp;accordée aux&amp;nbsp;différentes&amp;nbsp;formes de Reprise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'indicateur de confiance que constitue les recherches effectuées par les individus au niveau mondial semble pessimiste sur la pérénité de la reprise économique.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alors que le&amp;nbsp;scénario&amp;nbsp;d'une reprise en "W"&amp;nbsp;était&amp;nbsp;le moins&amp;nbsp;évoqué&amp;nbsp;par la presse en Juin, il fait aujourd'hui partie du consensus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swlls2Ji7fI/AAAAAAAAAIE/N3vUTh28Qo0/s1600/Shape%20Recession.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swlls2Ji7fI/AAAAAAAAAIE/N3vUTh28Qo0/s640/Shape%20Recession.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;L'opinion collective: Part des recherches effectuees sur &lt;b&gt;GOOGLE &lt;/b&gt;(a date du 22 Novembre 2009) concernant les&amp;nbsp;différents&amp;nbsp;scénarii&amp;nbsp;de reprise:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swqa803rgDI/AAAAAAAAAIU/5yHiGeHVOks/s1600/Sondage%20Forme%20recession.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swqa803rgDI/AAAAAAAAAIU/5yHiGeHVOks/s640/Sondage%20Forme%20recession.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Si la&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;reprise&amp;nbsp;économique est, comme&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;R.SHILLER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;le &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/business/economy/22view.html?_r=1"&gt;pense&lt;/a&gt;, une&amp;nbsp;prophétie auto-réalisatrice&amp;nbsp;alimentée&amp;nbsp;par la confiance collective, l'augmentation depuis Juillet des recherches relatives a une (non) reprise en "L" peut&amp;nbsp;être&amp;nbsp;un indicateur a surveiller.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;La&amp;nbsp;théorie&amp;nbsp;veut que les Marches Financiers ne soient que le reflet de&amp;nbsp;l'économie&amp;nbsp;réelle. Pourtant, que les interactions entre les deux&amp;nbsp;sphères&amp;nbsp;ne soient pas a sens unique, et que les Marches peuvent&amp;nbsp;également&amp;nbsp;influencer&amp;nbsp;l'économie&amp;nbsp;réelle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Depuis des&amp;nbsp;années,&amp;nbsp;l'évolution&amp;nbsp;de&amp;nbsp;l'économie&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;été&amp;nbsp;fortement&amp;nbsp;influencée&amp;nbsp;par&amp;nbsp;l'appréciation&amp;nbsp;des actifs par&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;l'effet de richesse&lt;/b&gt; dont beneficiait les consommateurs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;De fait, vouloir&amp;nbsp;redémarrer&amp;nbsp;l'économie&amp;nbsp;réelle&amp;nbsp;par le levier des marches financiers (hautement plus&amp;nbsp;réactifs&amp;nbsp;que leur contrepartie&amp;nbsp;réelle) fait sens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;La politique d'inflation des actifs que&amp;nbsp;mène&amp;nbsp;la &lt;b&gt;FED&lt;/b&gt; se justifie:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Au niveau des individus, &lt;b&gt;l'effet de richesse &lt;/b&gt;dont ils&amp;nbsp;bénéficient&amp;nbsp;se traduisant par un regain de confiance et une incitation a consommer&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Au niveau des entreprises, &lt;b&gt;en&amp;nbsp;desserrant&amp;nbsp;la contrainte de&amp;nbsp;crédit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;a laquelle elles font face: a nombre d'actions flottantes stable,&amp;nbsp;l'appréciation&amp;nbsp;des actions engendre une hausse des capitaux propres des entreprises et restaure leur ratio Capitaux Propres/Dette.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Cependant, qui dit plus&amp;nbsp;réactif&amp;nbsp;dit aussi plus volatil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Plus les Marches&amp;nbsp;s'apprécient, plus l'effet potentiel sur&amp;nbsp;l'économie&amp;nbsp;réelle&amp;nbsp;est fort (les individus voyant leur Valeur Nette augmenter avec celle de leurs actifs). D'un autre cote, une valorisation trop forte et rapide des marches&amp;nbsp;éveillent&amp;nbsp;des doutes chez les investisseurs quant aux 'fondamentaux'.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Tendances de Recherche pour les termes '&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Market Bubble'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;en 2009:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swqe9G_RG6I/AAAAAAAAAIc/4dLB7mNV1mg/s1600/Points%20dinflexion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="428" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swqe9G_RG6I/AAAAAAAAAIc/4dLB7mNV1mg/s640/Points%20dinflexion.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Que ce soit en profitant de l'illusion&amp;nbsp;monétaire (provoque par l'augmentation de la masse&amp;nbsp;monétaire, et la&amp;nbsp;dévalorisation&amp;nbsp;du dollar&amp;nbsp;engendrée)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;dont sont victimes les investisseurs, ou en communiquant sur les indicateurs chers aux marches financiers &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;BERNANKE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; tente de&amp;nbsp;déclencher un cercle vertueux &amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;positive feedblack loop&lt;/i&gt;) pouvant permettre un&amp;nbsp;redémarrage&amp;nbsp;rapide de&amp;nbsp;l'économie&amp;nbsp;américaine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Le fait de maintenir des taux très bas rend le cout de détenir de l'argent en liquide fort (votre argent est moins rémunéré). De fait, les investisseurs sont directement incités à placer leur argent dans des véhicules plus risqués mais offrant un rendement bien supérieur: obligation, actions...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;La Banque Centrale ne focalisant son objectif d'inflation que sur l'économie réelle, l'inflation des actifs financiers qu'elle génère par sa politique de taux bas ne fait pas partie de ses&amp;nbsp;préoccupations, comme le montre l'absence de&amp;nbsp;référence&amp;nbsp;aux Marches Financiers au sein des indicateurs qu'elle surveille:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: collapse;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;The Committee will maintain the target range&amp;nbsp;for the federal funds rate at 0 to 1/4 percent and continues to anticipate&amp;nbsp;that economic conditions,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;including low rates of&amp;nbsp;resource utilization, subdued inflation trends, and stable inflation&amp;nbsp;expectations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"&gt;, are likely to warrant exceptionally low levels of&amp;nbsp;the federal funds rate for an extended period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;La reprise dont nous sommes&amp;nbsp;témoins&amp;nbsp;depuis la mi-mars est essentiellement tributaire du regain de confiance des agents.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Cette situation peut&amp;nbsp;se&amp;nbsp;perpétuer&amp;nbsp;jusqu'à&amp;nbsp;ce qu'un cercle vertueux entre Marches Financiers et economie reelle se mette en place.&amp;nbsp;Néanmoins, l'ampleur et la&amp;nbsp;rapidité&amp;nbsp;de la reprise&amp;nbsp;ont fait naitre des doutes sur la&amp;nbsp;corrélation&amp;nbsp;entre évolution&amp;nbsp;des Marches Financiers et économie&amp;nbsp;réelle. Si ces doutes se&amp;nbsp;matérialisent&amp;nbsp;par un retrait des investisseurs des Marches, un nouveau plongeon n'est pas a exclure.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwlnFZejqMI/AAAAAAAAAII/kufy6wjhqKM/s1600/Lombard%20Street.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwlnFZejqMI/AAAAAAAAAII/kufy6wjhqKM/s320/Lombard%20Street.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Une Reprise au coin de la Rue? Peut&amp;nbsp;être, mais quelle rue?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-8042201143786886050?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/8042201143786886050/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/la-reprise-est-elle-au-coin-de-la-rue.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8042201143786886050'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8042201143786886050'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/la-reprise-est-elle-au-coin-de-la-rue.html' title='La reprise est-elle au coin de la Rue?'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swlls2Ji7fI/AAAAAAAAAIE/N3vUTh28Qo0/s72-c/Shape%20Recession.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-5638694058105695264</id><published>2009-11-21T00:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-21T02:53:40.694-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Behavioral Economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cygne Noir'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='TALEB'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='KAHNEMAN'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Complexité'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Esprit Animaux'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Analyse Technique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hasard'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='FAMA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Marchés financiers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lois de Puissances'/><title type='text'>Brainstorming on How Complex system Fail</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Richard I COOK &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;comes up with a must read piece on &lt;a href="http://www.ctlab.org/documents/How%20Complex%20Systems%20Fail.pdf"&gt;how complex system fail&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here are his 18 bullet points, and my thoughts on the subject:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.Complex systems are intrinsically hazardous systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All of the interesting systems (e.g. transportation, healthcare, power generation) are&amp;nbsp;inherently and unavoidably hazardous by the own nature. The frequency of hazard&amp;nbsp;exposure can sometimes be changed but the processes involved in the system are&amp;nbsp;themselves intrinsically and irreducibly hazardous. It is the presence of these hazards&amp;nbsp;that drives the creation of defenses against hazard that characterize these systems.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;what comes to my mind: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Stock Market, Regulation, Behavioural Finance, Bonded Rationality&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;2.Complex systems are heavily and successfully defended against failure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The high consequences of failure lead over time to the construction of multiple layers of&amp;nbsp;defense against failure. These defenses include obvious technical components (e.g.&amp;nbsp;backup systems, ‘safety’ features of equipment) and human components (e.g. training,&amp;nbsp;knowledge) but also a variety of organizational, institutional, and regulatory defenses&amp;nbsp;(e.g. policies and procedures, certification, work rules, team training). The effect of these&amp;nbsp;measures is to provide a series of shields that normally divert operations away from&amp;nbsp;accidents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;what comes to my mind: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Risk Analysis, FED, Reserves, Regulation, Technical Analysis, Creative Destruction&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;3. Catastrophe requires multiple failures – single point failures are not enough.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The array of defenses works. System operations are generally successful. Overt&amp;nbsp;catastrophic failure occurs when small, apparently innocuous failures join to create&amp;nbsp;opportunity for a systemic accident. Each of these small failures is necessary to cause&amp;nbsp;catastrophe but only the combination is sufficient to permit failure. Put another way,&amp;nbsp;there are many more failure opportunities than overt system accidents. Most initial&amp;nbsp;failure trajectories are blocked by designed system safety components. Trajectories that&amp;nbsp;reach the operational level are mostly blocked, usually by practitioners.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;what comes to my mind:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/subprime-flu-acknowledging-complexity.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Complexity of Finance&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hindsight Bias, Systemic Failures, Feedback loops, Power Laws, Black Swans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;4. Complex systems contain changing mixtures of failures latent within them&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The complexity of these systems makes it impossible for them to run without multiple&amp;nbsp;flaws being present. Because these are individually insufficient to cause failure they are&amp;nbsp;regarded as minor factors during operations. Eradication of all latent failures is limited&amp;nbsp;primarily by economic cost but also because it is difficult before the fact to see how such&amp;nbsp;failures might contribute to an accident. The failures change constantly because of&amp;nbsp;changing technology, work organization, and efforts to eradicate failures.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;What comes to my mind:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Optimization, Efficient Market Hypothesis, FAMA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;5. Complex systems run in degraded mode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A corollary to the preceding point is that complex systems run as broken systems. The&amp;nbsp;system continues to function because it contains so many redundancies and because&amp;nbsp;people can make it function, despite the presence of many flaws. After accident reviews&amp;nbsp;nearly always note that the system has a history of prior ‘proto-accidents’ that nearly&amp;nbsp;generated catastrophe. Arguments that these degraded conditions should have been&amp;nbsp;recognized before the overt accident are usually predicated on naïve notions of system&amp;nbsp;performance. System operations are dynamic, with components (organizational, human,&amp;nbsp;technical) failing and being replaced continuously.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;What Comes to my mind:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;6. Catastrophe is always just around the corner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Complex systems possess potential for catastrophic failure. Human practitioners are&amp;nbsp;nearly always in close physical and temporal proximity to these potential failures –&amp;nbsp;disaster can occur at any time and in nearly any place. The potential for catastrophic&amp;nbsp;outcome is a hallmark of complex systems. It is impossible to eliminate the potential for&amp;nbsp;such catastrophic failure; the potential for such failure is always present by the system’s&amp;nbsp;own nature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Illusion of Control, Great Moderation illusion, Uncertainty principle, Prudential regulation&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;7. Post-accident attribution accident to a ‘root cause’ is fundamentally wrong.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Because overt failure requires multiple faults, there is no isolated ‘cause’ of an accident.&amp;nbsp;There are multiple contributors to accidents. Each of these is necessary insufficient in&amp;nbsp;itself to create an accident. Only jointly are these causes sufficient to create an accident.&amp;nbsp;Indeed, it is the linking of these causes together that creates the circumstances required&amp;nbsp;for the accident. Thus, no isolation of the ‘root cause’ of an accident is possible. The&amp;nbsp;evaluations based on such reasoning as ‘root cause’ do not reflect a technical&amp;nbsp;understanding of the nature of &amp;nbsp;failure but rather the social, cultural need to blame&amp;nbsp;specific, localized forces or events for outcomes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hindsight bias, Reductionism, KAHNEMAN, Subprime Crisis, Management Books&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;8. Hindsight biases post-accident assessments of human performance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Knowledge of the outcome makes it seem that events leading to the outcome should have&amp;nbsp;appeared more salient to practitioners at the time than was actually the case. This means&amp;nbsp;that ex post facto accident analysis of human performance is inaccurate. The outcome&amp;nbsp;knowledge poisons the ability of after-accident observers to recreate the view of&amp;nbsp;practitioners before the accident of those same factors. It seems that practitioners “should&amp;nbsp;have known” that the factors would “inevitably” lead to an accident.2 Hindsight bias&amp;nbsp;remains the primary obstacle to accident investigation, especially when expert human performance&amp;nbsp;is involved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Forward Thinking, Opportunism, Survivorship Bias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;9. Human operators have dual roles: as producers &amp;amp; as defenders against failure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;The system practitioners operate the system in order to produce its desired product and&amp;nbsp;also work to forestall accidents. This dynamic quality of system operation, the balancing&amp;nbsp;of demands for production against the possibility of incipient failure is unavoidable.&amp;nbsp;Outsiders rarely acknowledge the duality of this role. In non accident filled times, the&amp;nbsp;production role is emphasized. After accidents, the defense against failure role is&amp;nbsp;emphasized. At either time, the outsider’s view misapprehends the operator’s constant,&amp;nbsp;simultaneous engagement with both roles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Complexity (and acknowledged lack of understanding) of Financial Instruments, VaR, Black Swans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;0. All practitioner actions are gambles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;After accidents, the overt failure often appears to have been inevitable and the&amp;nbsp;practitioner’s actions as blunders or deliberate willful disregard of certain impending&amp;nbsp;failure. But all practitioner actions are actually gambles, that is, acts that take place in the&amp;nbsp;face of uncertain outcomes. The degree of uncertainty may change from moment to&amp;nbsp;moment. That practitioner actions are gambles appears clear after accidents; in general,post hoc analysis regards these gambles as poor ones. But the converse: that successful&amp;nbsp;outcomes are also the result of gambles; is not widely appreciated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What comes to my mind:&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reductionism of the complexity of Finance, Illusory importance given to Track Records, Survivorship Bias, Finance is considered too Serious.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;11) Actions at the sharp end resolve all ambiguity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Organizations are ambiguous, often intentionally, about the relationship between&amp;nbsp;production targets, efficient use of resources, economy and costs of operations, and&amp;nbsp;acceptable risks of low and high consequence accidents. All ambiguity is resolved by&amp;nbsp;actions of practitioners at the sharp end of the system. After an accident, practitioner&amp;nbsp;actions may be regarded as ‘errors’ or ‘violations’ but these evaluations are heavily&amp;nbsp;biased by hindsight and ignore the other driving forces, especially production pressure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;12. Human practitioners are the adaptable element of complex systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Practitioners and first line management actively adapt the system to maximize&amp;nbsp;production and minimize accidents. These adaptations often occur on a moment by&amp;nbsp;moment basis. Some of these adaptations include: (1) Restructuring the system in order&amp;nbsp;to reduce exposure of vulnerable parts to failure. (2) Concentrating critical resources in&amp;nbsp;areas of expected high demand. (3) Providing pathways for retreat or recovery from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;expected and unexpected faults. (4) Establishing means for early detection of changed&amp;nbsp;system performance in order to allow graceful cutbacks in production or other means of&amp;nbsp;increasing resiliency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Risk Analysis, Management Reductionism, Holistic view of Business, Flaw of Averages&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;13. Human expertise in complex systems is constantly changing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Complex systems require substantial human expertise in their operation and&amp;nbsp;management. This expertise changes in character as technology changes but it also&amp;nbsp;changes because of the need to replace experts who leave. In every case, training and&amp;nbsp;refinement of skill and expertise is one part of the function of the system itself. At any&amp;nbsp;moment, therefore, a given complex system will contain practitioners and trainees with&amp;nbsp;varying degrees of expertise. Critical issues related to expertise arise from (1) the need to&amp;nbsp;use scarce expertise as a resource for the most difficult or demanding production needs&amp;nbsp;and (2) the need to develop expertise for future use.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Too much time is spent trying to find out more and more about less and less, until we know everything about nothing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999;"&gt;,'' &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;MONTIER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999;"&gt;says. `&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999;"&gt;`Rarely, if ever, do we stop and ask what do we actually need to know&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;14. Change introduces new forms of failure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;The low rate of overt accidents in reliable systems may encourage changes, especially the&amp;nbsp;use of new technology, to decrease the number of low consequence but high frequency&amp;nbsp;failures. These changes maybe actually create opportunities for new, low frequency but&amp;nbsp;high consequence failures. When new technologies are used to eliminate well&amp;nbsp;understood system failures or to gain high precision performance they often introduce&amp;nbsp;new pathways to large scale, catastrophic failures. Not uncommonly, these new, rare&amp;nbsp;catastrophes have even greater impact than those eliminated by the new technology.&amp;nbsp;These new forms of failure are difficult to see before the fact; attention is paid mostly to&amp;nbsp;the putative beneficial characteristics of the changes. Because these new, high&amp;nbsp;consequence accidents occur at a low rate, multiple system changes may occur before an&amp;nbsp;accident, making it hard to see the contribution of technology to the failure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Backlash of the Rationalization Era, Pattern recognition illusion, VaR, Risk Hedging, Illusion of Forecasting Black Swans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;15. Views of ‘cause’ limit the effectiveness of defenses against future events&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Post-accident remedies for “human error” are usually predicated on obstructing activities&amp;nbsp;that can “cause” accidents. These end-of-the-chain measures do little to reduce the&amp;nbsp;likelihood of further accidents. In fact that likelihood of an identical accident is already&amp;nbsp;extraordinarily low because the pattern of latent failures changes constantly. Instead of&amp;nbsp;increasing safety, post-accident remedies usually increase the coupling and complexity ofthe system. This increases the potential number of latent failures and also makes the&amp;nbsp;detection and blocking of accident trajectories more difficult.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Inference is illusory, the increase in car accidents related deaths after 9/11, Don't give credit to people who were right about past events&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;SUN TZU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;16. Safety is a characteristic of systems and not of their components&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Safety is an emergent property of systems; it does not reside in a person, device or&amp;nbsp;department of an organization or system. Safety cannot be purchased or manufactured; it&amp;nbsp;is not a feature that is separate from the other components of the system. This means that&amp;nbsp;safety cannot be manipulated like a feedstock or raw material. The state of safety in any&amp;nbsp;system is always dynamic; continuous systemic change insures that hazard and its&amp;nbsp;management are constantly changing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Current atomicity of Financial regulation, FED, ECB, cooperation and&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;NASH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'s Equilibrium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 28px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #999999;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;SUN TZU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; (again)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;17. People continuously create safety&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Failure free operations are the result of activities of people who work to keep the system&amp;nbsp;within the boundaries of tolerable performance. These activities are, for the most part,&amp;nbsp;part of normal operations and superficially straightforward. But because system&amp;nbsp;operations are never trouble free, human practitioner adaptations to changing conditions&amp;nbsp;actually create safety from moment to moment. These adaptations often amount to just&amp;nbsp;the selection of a well-rehearsed routine from a store of available responses; sometimes,&amp;nbsp;however, the adaptations are novel combinations or de novo creations of new approaches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Moderation principle&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Staying away of what you don't understand, Marathon runners and Sprinters /&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;BUFFET &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;and Day Traders&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;18. Failure free operations require experience with failure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Recognizing hazard and successfully manipulating system operations to remain inside&amp;nbsp;the tolerable performance boundaries requires intimate contact with failure. More robust&amp;nbsp;system performance is likely to arise in systems where operators can discern the “edge of&amp;nbsp;the envelope”. This is where system performance begins to deteriorate, becomes difficult&amp;nbsp;to predict, or cannot be readily recovered. In intrinsically hazardous systems, operators&amp;nbsp;are expected to encounter and appreciate hazards in ways that lead to overall&amp;nbsp;performance that is desirable. Improved safety depends on providing operators with&amp;nbsp;calibrated views of the hazards. It also depends on providing calibration about how their&amp;nbsp;actions move system performance towards or away from the edge of the envelope.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What comes to my mind: &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;!Not finding books on Amazon telling the story of Failure.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-5638694058105695264?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/5638694058105695264/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/brainstorming-on-how-complex-system.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/5638694058105695264'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/5638694058105695264'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/brainstorming-on-how-complex-system.html' title='Brainstorming on How Complex system Fail'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-786240431733524440</id><published>2009-11-15T08:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-26T01:56:33.794-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Behavioral Economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='SORNETTE'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cygne Noir'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='TALEB'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Loi Normale'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Analyse Technique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Probabilités'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Lois de Puissances'/><title type='text'>Black Swans,  Les Oubliés de la Grande Modération</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Dans la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/limportance-des-black-swans-en-economie.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;première partie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, nous avons considéré les failles des modèles traditionnels fondés sur une distribution G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;aussienne:&amp;nbsp;Une des limites de ces modèles est la place centrale accordée à la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;valeur moyenne de l’échantillon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Illustration de la faiblesse de la Moyenne au sein de valeurs ne suivant pas une distribution normale :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;On considère un échantillon de 10 personnes dont on calcule le Revenu Moyen (Somme des Revenus individuels / 10) , et le Revenu médian (Valeur pour laquelle 5 personnes gagneront moins, et 5 plus). Une fois ces deux valeurs acquises, remplacer une des personnes par &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Warren BUFFET&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Le Revenu Médian restera inchangé, alors que l’échantillon des personnes deviendra « en moyenne » milliardaire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Au sein d’une distribution normale, les évènements de l’échantillon ont une probabilité d’occurrence inversement proportionnelle à leur écart avec la valeur Moyenne. Pourtant, certaines variables aléatoires (comme la valeur nette des individus) laissent apparaitre des outliers (évènements à probabilité faible, mais non nulle possédant un impact majeur)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;In the first months of 1998, markets were smooth. ... The mood at Long-Term was relaxed, too. Though the fund's leverage was up, and though the partners had taken out huge personal loans, their exposure seemed tolerable. ... According to their models, the maximum that they were likely to lose on any single trading day was $45 million—certainly tolerable for a firm with a hundred times as much in capital. According to these same models, the odds against the firm's suffering a sustained run of bad luck—say, losing 40 percent of its capital in a single month—were unthinkably high. (So far, in their worst month, they had lost a mere 2.9 percent.) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Indeed, the figures implied that it would take a so-called ten-sigma event—that is, a statistical freak occurring one in every ten to the twenty-fourth power times—for the firm to lose all of its capital within one year.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;1 R. Lowenstein, "When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management," Random House, 2001, pp. 126–127.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Comme nous l’avons évoqué, selon la loi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Normale, plus un évènement est écarté de la valeur moyenne plus sa probabilité d’existence est faible. L’unité de mesure de la distance qui sépare moyenne et évènement communément retenue est le sigma (écart type). Au&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt; se&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;in d’une distribution Normale, plus le sigma est fort, plus la courbe est censée « recouvrir » l’ensemble des éventualités.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Sv_a94NydYI/AAAAAAAAAHI/pZgtVEU34oE/s1600-h/%C3%A9cart+type.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="443" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Sv_a94NydYI/AAAAAAAAAHI/pZgtVEU34oE/s640/%C3%A9cart+type.jpg" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 8.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Un évènement sera donc caractérisé par son sigma d’écart avec la valeur moyenne de l’échantillon, et la VaR correspondante sera proportionnelle à ce sigma. Plus l'écart avec la moyenne est élevé, plus on risque de perdre ou gagner gros.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Dans l'hypothèse&amp;nbsp;d’une distribution normale des risques, ces éventualités sont considérées comme statistiquement insignifiantes, et doivent être retirées de l’échantillon.&amp;nbsp; Les modèles destinés à effectuer des prévisions sont de fait invalides, non seulement car le futur n'est jamais une simple extrapolation du passé, mais aussi car le passé s’est vu «&amp;nbsp;gommé&amp;nbsp;» d’évènements ne «&amp;nbsp;fittant&amp;nbsp;» pas l’hypothèse de distribution normale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Selon leur définition par &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;TALEB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, les Black Swans ou &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cygnes Noirs&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;sont des évènements difficiles à prévoir, d'une forte rareté mais aussi possédant un impact majeur.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Vouloir lisser les queues des distributions est une abbération, car en gommant de notre échantillon ces évènements, nous faussons entièrement la situation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwApOTW0JWI/AAAAAAAAAHY/yZjpVA2kfPg/s1600-h/Sans+titre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwApOTW0JWI/AAAAAAAAAHY/yZjpVA2kfPg/s640/Sans+titre.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swt86Wg1ZRI/AAAAAAAAAIg/NpKZb7vqvog/s1600/Taleb%20(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="370" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Swt86Wg1ZRI/AAAAAAAAAIg/NpKZb7vqvog/s400/Taleb%20(1).jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: auto;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Les institutions financières ont vu la totalité des profits réalisés sur les&amp;nbsp;périodes&amp;nbsp;précédentes effacées par la crise. Peut-on gommer ces retours négatifs sous l'excuse qu'ils ne sont que des anormalités statistiques?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;La stratégie de trading de&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt; TALEB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (qui se concentre sur les options) devient alors compréhensible: en pariant sur des évènements improbables, la probabilité de perdre est forte mais l'importance de ces pertes est faible (&lt;b&gt;Bleed&lt;/b&gt;). En revanche, si l'évènement se réalise, le &lt;i&gt;payoff &lt;/i&gt;est très important. Il s'agit de l'inverse de la stratégie adoptée par les investisseurs et résumée par la Figure 2 (&lt;b&gt;blow&lt;/b&gt;) (tirée de l'&lt;a href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/taleb08/taleb08_index.html"&gt;annexe statistique&lt;/a&gt; fournie par TALEB destinée aux détracteurs de son Black Swan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Selon la Loi Normale, il existe sur les Marchés Financiers un grand nombre d'évènements proches de la moyenne &amp;nbsp;(à sigma faibles). En revanche, la probabilité&amp;nbsp;d'occurrence&amp;nbsp;d'évènements éloignées de la moyenne (a sigmas élevés) est plus forte que celle supposée par la Loi Normale. Ces évènements restent rares, mais beaucoup moins que prévu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwQBccknoZI/AAAAAAAAAH4/OO4xiw-CAt0/s1600/Cygne+Noir+Dow+Jones.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwQBccknoZI/AAAAAAAAAH4/OO4xiw-CAt0/s640/Cygne+Noir+Dow+Jones.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Certains évènements se déroulant sur les marchés Financiers ne possèdent aucun sens à la lumière de la distribution Normale. En réalité, les retours enregistrés sur les ces memes marchés suivent des Lois de Puissance, comme démontré pour le&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://images.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://mga010.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/black-swan-distribution-016.png%3Fw%3D396%26h%3D400&amp;amp;imgrefurl=http://mga010.wordpress.com/2009/03/03/the-dax/&amp;amp;usg=__mHGi-XF7BA1vRNef8IK0d0dh0H4=&amp;amp;h=400&amp;amp;w=396&amp;amp;sz=9&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;start=8&amp;amp;um=1&amp;amp;tbnid=qlV4q8xdH6wADM:&amp;amp;tbnh=124&amp;amp;tbnw=123&amp;amp;prev=/images%3Fq%3DTaleb%2BDistribution%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1C1GGLS_enSG353SG353%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;DAX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Les &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Lois de Puissance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt; (ou Power Laws) sont utilisées pour caractériser la fréquence d'apparition d'un grand nombre d'évènements générés par des systèmes complexes: Taille des Villes, Fréquence et Amplitude de Tremblements de Terre, et donc Marchés Financiers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;Gaussian distributions tend to prevail when events are completely independent of each other. As soon as you introduce the assumption of interdependence across events, Paretian distributions tend to surface because positive feedback loops tend to amplify small initial events. For example, the fact that a website has a lot of links increases the likelihood that others will also link to this website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Une des applications des lois de puissance les plus connues est sans doute la &amp;nbsp;Loi de&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt; &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;PARETO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;, ou principe du 80/20.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Celle-ci, appliquée depuis un certain nombres d'années aux principes du management comme à la distribution de musiques en ligne, énonce par exemple qu'il est probable que 20% des Produits Vendus par la Firme A génère 80% de ses Revenus.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Dans le conseil en stratégie, il est commun d'entendre que les&amp;nbsp;recommandations&amp;nbsp;ne constituent que 20% du livrable final mais 80% de la valeur ajoutée.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Selon &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;MCKELVEY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt; et &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;ANDRIANI&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;l'exacerbation des tensions compétitives et l'écroulement des couts de transaction engendrés par la globalisation ont transformé les distributions Gaussiennes en Distributions de Pareto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;Sous l'influence de ces 2 vecteurs,&lt;a href="http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/subprime-flu-acknowledging-complexity.html"&gt; l'architecture des&amp;nbsp;marchés financiers&lt;/a&gt; a gagné en complexité, nourrissant effets de second tour et explosion des flux d'information. De plus, les distributions de Pareto sont gouvernées par la logique du &lt;i&gt;Winner Takes All&lt;/i&gt;: Il existe au sein de la distribution un nombre restreint d'évènements au possédant un nombre de connexions supérieurs à la moyenne avec le reste du système,et ceux-ci sont présents dans la queue de la distribution. C'est l'effet Boule de Neige: plus un évènement possède de connections, plus son nombre de points de contacts avec le reste des évènements est élevé et plus la probabilité d'accumuler de nouveaux contacts est forte. Pensez à vos amis Facebook.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #222222; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwOvfXmvQEI/AAAAAAAAAHw/rvqD8cKites/s1600/Distributions.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="266" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwOvfXmvQEI/AAAAAAAAAHw/rvqD8cKites/s640/Distributions.gif" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ce nombre de liens élevés avec le reste du système caractérisant les évènements improbables est responsable du &lt;b&gt;risque systémique.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;C'est en partie pour cela qu'il nous est difficile d'attribuer les crises à des évènements précis. Une multitude de facteurs créé la possibilité d'un évènement si improbable. Comme dans tout système complexe, la somme des conséquences et risques individuels de chacun de ces évènements est différente des risques et conséquences de l'évènement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Une bulle résulte d'un système complexe de facteurs. Plus de nouveaux facteurs rentrent en jeu, plus la bulle grossit. En Revanche, plus la Bulle est grosse et plus elle touche d'aiguilles:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"&gt;A crash occurs because the market has entered an unstable phase toward the&amp;nbsp;culmination of a bubble and any small disturbance or process may reveal the&amp;nbsp;existence of the instability.&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt; SORNETTE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;Analyse de la crise des Subprimes a travers le concept de Black Swan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Les changements de paradigme sont traditionnellement issus de moments de crise. A ce titre, la crise des subprimes a donne naissance a de nouveaux&amp;nbsp;schémas&amp;nbsp;d'analyse&amp;nbsp;économique&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;stratégique. De nouveaux termes de recherches&amp;nbsp;émergent actuellement, dont la&amp;nbsp;majorité&amp;nbsp;sont lies a la prise en compte de&amp;nbsp;phénomène&amp;nbsp;improbables et de fait l'analyse de risque.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;La&amp;nbsp;popularité&amp;nbsp;grandissante de l'&lt;b&gt;Econophysique&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;illustre cette tendance a&amp;nbsp;considérer&amp;nbsp;toute crise&amp;nbsp;économique&amp;nbsp;comme crise de la&amp;nbsp;pensée&amp;nbsp;économique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;L'econophysique est une tentative de&amp;nbsp;compréhension&amp;nbsp;des&amp;nbsp;phénomènes&amp;nbsp;économiques&amp;nbsp;a travers le filtre des&amp;nbsp;évènements&amp;nbsp;complexes, et plus&amp;nbsp;particulièrement&amp;nbsp;ceux appartenant au domaine de recherche de la&amp;nbsp;Physique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Issue du dernier&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;McKINSEY Quarterly&lt;/span&gt;, cette&amp;nbsp;représentation&amp;nbsp;de la relation entre&amp;nbsp;fréquence&amp;nbsp;et ampleur des crises bancaires&amp;nbsp;comparée&amp;nbsp;a celles de tremblements de terre montre a quel point ces&amp;nbsp;phénomènes&amp;nbsp;peuvent&amp;nbsp;être&amp;nbsp;compares, et ouvre des pistes de recherches&amp;nbsp;passionnantes. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwuZFDiJNoI/AAAAAAAAAIk/lfOXdjImIk8/s1600/banking%20crisis%20power%20curve.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SwuZFDiJNoI/AAAAAAAAAIk/lfOXdjImIk8/s640/banking%20crisis%20power%20curve.PNG" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/21966330/Money-Market-Black-Swan" style="-x-system-font: none; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; 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&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-786240431733524440?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/786240431733524440/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/black-swans-dragon-kings-et-autres.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/786240431733524440'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/786240431733524440'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/black-swans-dragon-kings-et-autres.html' title='Black Swans,  Les Oubliés de la Grande Modération'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Sv_a94NydYI/AAAAAAAAAHI/pZgtVEU34oE/s72-c/%C3%A9cart+type.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-621942900814188990</id><published>2009-11-10T22:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-22T06:46:49.465-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dow Jones'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='CAC40'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dollar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='FED'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Or'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politique monetaire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nasdaq'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dette'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Marchés financiers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Monnaie'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='inflation'/><title type='text'>Principaux Indicateurs des Marches Financiers en un Coup d'oeil</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Visualisez en temps&amp;nbsp;réel&amp;nbsp;l'évolution&amp;nbsp;des principaux indicateurs&amp;nbsp;macroéconomiques:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;CAC 40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/z?s=%5efchi&amp;amp;t=1y&amp;amp;g=b&amp;amp;l=on&amp;amp;z=i&amp;amp;p=s&amp;amp;a=v&amp;amp;p=s" style="-webkit-user-select: none;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dow Jones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="Dow Jones 6 Month Daily" class="index" src="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=INDEX_INDU&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=1&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d6" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;NASDAQ:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="INDEX_COMPX Nasdaq Composite" class="index" src="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=INDEX_COMPX&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=1&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d6" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Dollar Trade Index:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="NYBOT_DXY0 NYBOT Dollar Index Cash" class="index" src="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=NYBOT_DXY0&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=1&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d6" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Or (spot):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="FOREX_XAUUSDO FOREX GOLD SPOT" class="index" src="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=FOREX_XAUUSDO&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=1&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d6" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Commodities:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=NYBOT_CRY0&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=1&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d6" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="NYBOT_CRY0 Reuters/CG Index Cash" border="0" class="index" src="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=NYBOT_CRY0&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=1&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d6" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Euro Dollar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=FOREX_EURUSD&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=15&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d12" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="FOREX_EURUSD&amp;quot;" border="0" class="index" src="http://quotes.ino.com/chart/history.gif?s=FOREX_EURUSD&amp;amp;t=l&amp;amp;w=15&amp;amp;a=50&amp;amp;v=d12" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/OILPRICE_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/MZM_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="WM2NS_10yrs M2 Money Stock" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/M2NS_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://alfred.stlouisfed.org/graph/alfredgraph.png?bgcolor=%23B3CDE7&amp;amp;chart_type=line&amp;amp;drp=0&amp;amp;graph_bgcolor=%23FFFFFF&amp;amp;height=378&amp;amp;mode=alfred&amp;amp;preserve_ratio=checked&amp;amp;recession_bars=On&amp;amp;txtcolor=%23000000&amp;amp;width=630&amp;amp;id=MULT&amp;amp;transformation=lin&amp;amp;scale=Left&amp;amp;range=10yrs&amp;amp;cosd=1999-10-21&amp;amp;coed=2009-10-21&amp;amp;line_color=%23FF0000&amp;amp;vintage_date=2009-10-29&amp;amp;line_style=Solid&amp;amp;mark_type=NONE&amp;amp;mma=0" style="-webkit-user-select: none;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/fredgraphfile/?height=378&amp;amp;width=630&amp;amp;bgcolor=%23B3CDE7&amp;amp;txtcolor=%23000000&amp;amp;recession_bars=On&amp;amp;s[1][id]=BASE&amp;amp;s[1][transformation]=lin&amp;amp;s[1][scale]=Left&amp;amp;s[1][line_color]=%230000FF&amp;amp;s[1][range]=5yrs&amp;amp;s[1][cosd]=2003-09-24&amp;amp;s[1][coed]=2008-09-24&amp;amp;s[1][revision_date]=&amp;amp;s[1][vintage_date]=2008-10-06" /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FF_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="WMORTG_Max" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/MORTG_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="PSAVERT_Max" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/PSAVERT_Max.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/GPDI_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FPICA_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/CPIUFDNS_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/PPIACO_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/GNPDEF_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/UNRATE_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/IMPGS_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="FYFSD_Max" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FYFSD_Max.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FYGFD_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="FYGFDPUB_Max" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FYGFDPUB_Max.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="FGEXPND_Max" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FGEXPND_Max.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="FGRECPT_Max" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FGRECPT_Max.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="index" src="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/data/FDEFX_Max_630_378.png" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/"&gt;Economic Data from the St. Louis Fed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.economagic.com/"&gt;Economagic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-621942900814188990?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/621942900814188990/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/principaux-indicateurs-des-marches.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/621942900814188990'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/621942900814188990'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/principaux-indicateurs-des-marches.html' title='Principaux Indicateurs des Marches Financiers en un Coup d&apos;oeil'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-8124055589477187456</id><published>2009-11-02T06:25:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-23T05:55:11.509-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Psychologie'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Réseaux'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Complexité'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Knowledge'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='SHILLER'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Subprime'/><title type='text'>The Subprime Flu - Acknowledging the Complexity of Finance -</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;I do not know, or can possibly imagine, where the current economic situation is going to lead us.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;My only conviction is that such events arouse theoretical debates regarding economic policies or measures that shall be implemented to prevent future crisis from happening. This is why I believe such times are worth living: Only in such timeframes is conventional knowledge questioned. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Most people are currently focusing on the "what went wrong" side of the problem. In my opinion, this behavior is flawed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Flocks of new theories and opinions regarding what led to the subprime crisis &amp;nbsp;will appear &amp;nbsp;in the forthcoming years. Some people (Peter &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Schiff &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;for example), will say "I told you so", others will derive from data the possible causes of the financial collapse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;However, I seriously question our ability to understand the complexity of the system we designed, and therefore the patterns that will emerge from this brainstorming.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Does this mean I think explanations to the current crisis are wrong? I don't think they are. What I believe is that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;each individual explanation &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;can solely grasp one particular aspect in the system that led to the situation we know:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Was the subprime crisis triggered by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;mark to market&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; valuation of assets? It certainly played a role; but one as important as the banks' skyrocketing debt/equity ratio, the incentives for brokers to sell subprime mortgages whether it be to insolvent households, or the tendency for American consumers to see a greener grass in China's products compared to their American counterparts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Such drivers did contribute to the financial situation we know, but none accounts for the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Tipping Point &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;that brought us where we are.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;To illustrate this need to consider our system as complex, let's consider this sentence:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;"The subprime crisis is a function of the banks, the financial products they structured, and the environment of sheer confidence that home prices were ever-rising. "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Does this describe the events that occured? Could these sentences be extracted from a recent piece of news?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;In fact, how you might rightfully suppose, they are not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;This affirmations are inspired by&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Malcom GLADWELL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;'s delectable &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Tipping Point&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"Epidemics are a function of the people who transmit infectious agents, the infectious agent itself, and the environment in which the infectious agent is operating. And when an epidemic tips, when it is jolted out of equilibrium, it tips because something has happened, some change has occured in one (or two or three) of those areas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;I only switched the words "Epidemics", "Infectious Agents" and "Environment". If you want to give a try, please consider this (non exhaustive) list to play &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Make your own Financial Crisis explanation sentence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su2jwOdNhEI/AAAAAAAAAFY/9xka-XiwFzs/s1600-h/Sans+titre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su2jwOdNhEI/AAAAAAAAAFY/9xka-XiwFzs/s640/Sans+titre.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The lesson to be learnt from this little example does not have to do with Banking institutions, Global Imbalances or Confidence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;It deals with the fact that financial crisis, as epidemics, are Complex and Evoluting Systems. Some epidemics have already been compared to the subprime crisis,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/the-lending-crisis-as-crack-epidemic/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Crack&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;for example.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Complex, because studying them would imply studying Finance but also Psychology, Technology or Religion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Evoluting, as the perpetual motion of the Financial Market Environment blurs the comprehension we have of the causes/transmission channels/ impacts of Crisis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;As epidemics, Financial Crisis now spread like wildfire because of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;flattening &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;the World has undergone in the last 50 years. As epidemics, they hit stakeholders via a network effect but, unlike them, there &amp;nbsp;are no short-term geographical bulwark to contamination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su6pcDmUtLI/AAAAAAAAAFg/m1EI81dG4Oc/s1600-h/baran_nets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su6pcDmUtLI/AAAAAAAAAFg/m1EI81dG4Oc/s640/baran_nets.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The importance of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;too big to fail &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;issue: Switching from a strongly Centralized Network to a Distributed Network&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="BasicParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;On Monday, March 17, 2008, global financial markets opened to news of a Federal Reserve-enabled rescue of Bear Stearns by JPMorgan Chase. We learned, in the days that followed, of a weekend marathon meeting conducted by Federal Reserve officials to find a buyer for Bear Stearns. Urgency was warranted such that the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt; hyper-connected global financial system might escape the effects of a medium-sized &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;U.S.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt; investment bank filing for bankruptcy and risking reverberations to thousands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;, nay, millions, of counterparties that were connected to it. Speculation grew of which institutions could be next, and more importantly, of which institutions comprised the Federal Reserve’s “too connected to fail” list. In reality, there was no such list at the ready; however, we can think of several universal banks and investment banks that, by virtue of the network age, play a significantly connected role in global finance such that bankruptcy of one or more would multiply the effects on financial markets globally in a cross-defaulting negative feedback loop." &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://images.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pimco.com/NR/rdonlyres/2C3F3ABB-3983-4E67-9E4C-49125768C145/6393/Chart2.jpg&amp;amp;imgrefurl=http://www.pimco.com/LeftNav/Featured%2BMarket%2BCommentary/FF/2008/Global%2BCentral%2BBank%2BFocus%2BNarrowing%2BEcologies%2BAugust%2B2008.htm&amp;amp;usg=__dmyOKcKSIcUNG_qiOhmeJZe0z50=&amp;amp;h=357&amp;amp;w=450&amp;amp;sz=36&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;start=2&amp;amp;um=1&amp;amp;tbnid=NM-ESoaaQ-x08M:&amp;amp;tbnh=101&amp;amp;tbnw=127&amp;amp;prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfinancial%2Bmarkets%2Bnetwork%2Beffect%26hl%3Dfr%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:fr:official%26um%3D1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;PIMCO AUGUST 2008 Report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;It may seem a paradox, but Globalisation has fostered a Hubs and Spoke Network Model in Financial Services where a a few big banks (hubs) concentrate a meaningful share of customers (spokes) (see Network Model b).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://picasion.com/pic13/d55c4a1006c0f369dc26f6aa7cb24ee7.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img alt="create animated gif" border="0" class="aligncenter" height="300" src="http://picasion.com/pic13/d55c4a1006c0f369dc26f6aa7cb24ee7.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0pt; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0pt; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0pt; margin-top: 10px;" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Hence, a modelisation of the financial &amp;nbsp;landscape would show similarities with the one of an Epidemic (SARS in this example)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su_KFrjb9LI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/sT_mKw6eBH4/s1600-h/SARS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su_KFrjb9LI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/sT_mKw6eBH4/s400/SARS.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su_jZXxWyzI/AAAAAAAAAGY/wBNVA5i2Ynw/s1600-h/Financial+System+Complexity.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su_jZXxWyzI/AAAAAAAAAGY/wBNVA5i2Ynw/s640/Financial+System+Complexity.bmp" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Globalisation has, more than anything, leveled the playing field and linked every domino in the game. In good times, the rising sea lifts all the boats. In bad ones, a butterfly's wing flap can produce a worlwide recession.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;In more scientific terms, Globalisation has given birth to a Financial Ecosystem:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;which is simulateously robust and fragile - a property exhibited by other complex adaptive networks, such as tropical rainforests;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;whose feedback effects under stress (hoarding of liabilities and fire-sales of assets) added to these fragilities - as has been found to be the case in the spread of certain diseases;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;whose dimensionality and hence complexity amplified materially Knightian uncertainties in the pricing of assets - causing seizures in certain financial markets;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;where financial innovation, in the form of structured products, increased further network dimensionality, complexity and uncertainty; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;whose diversity was gradually eroded by institutions’ business and risk management strategies, making the whole system less resistant to disturbance - mirroring the fortunes of marine eco-systems whose diversity has been steadily eroded and whose susceptibility to collapse has thereby increased.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;To understand events leading to Financial Crisis, Researchers are to look at long time series as &amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Market Cooperativity&lt;/b&gt; (as defined by &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;SORNETTE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; in 2003: the growth of correlation between investors' decision process, driven by feedback loops) is built on the long-term.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Let's consider the two most important types of transmission channels:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Common Shocks:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; Affecting simulateneously &amp;nbsp;Financial Sectors worldwide, they were mostly linked with the over exposure of investors and Financial institutions to increased risk of securities to the US Sub-Prime Market. This is where the flawed VaR measurement of exposure to risk certainly played a role. Another form of Common shock was provided by the liquidity shortage on Financial Markets and the shared risk aversion of investors.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su-9sdBDp0I/AAAAAAAAAGA/q6zl2JqdN04/s1600-h/liquidity_boe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su-9sdBDp0I/AAAAAAAAAGA/q6zl2JqdN04/s320/liquidity_boe.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Spillover, or Contagion Effect:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Financial shocks affecting one particular geographical location are likely to spread, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;or spillover, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;to other areas. Feedback loops between the real economy and worlwide financial markets are an example of Spillover Effect: gloomier Growth forecasts for the US economy will easily be transmitted to equity prices worlwide. Yet Another example of Spillover Effect provided by financial markets is transmitted via&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; arbitrage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; opportunities: Changes in asset prices in one market entail portfolio adjustments by intermediaries and investors in other markets until one global price for the asset emerges.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #333333; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Foreign Banks holding US mortgages and US mortgage backed securities that were sold to them by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae had to report significant losses, sometimes even before their american counterparts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su7ozocogPI/AAAAAAAAAFo/awvrTxqkyWE/s1600-h/Correlation+Growth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su7ozocogPI/AAAAAAAAAFo/awvrTxqkyWE/s640/Correlation+Growth.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The subprime crisis has shown every sign of an epidemic: "Spreading rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;As &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;R.SHILLER &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;argues in his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The Subprime Solution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="color: #444444;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"Every disease has a contagion rate (the rate at which it is spread from person to&amp;nbsp;person) and a removal rate (the rate at which individuals recover from or succumb to the&amp;nbsp;illness and so are no longer contagious). If the contagion rate exceeds the removal rate by&amp;nbsp;a necessary amount, an epidemic begins. The contagion rate varies through time because&amp;nbsp;of a number of factors. For example, contagion rates for influenza are higher in the&amp;nbsp;winter, when lower temperatures encourage the spread of the virus in airborne droplets&amp;nbsp;after infected individuals sneeze.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;So it is in the economic and social environment. Sooner or later, some factor&amp;nbsp;boosts the infection rate sufficiently above the removal rate for an optimistic view of the&amp;nbsp;market to become widespread. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;There is an escalation in public knowledge of the &amp;nbsp;arguments that would seem to support that view, and soon the epidemic spirals up and out&amp;nbsp;of control. Almost everyone appears to think—if they notice at all that certain economic&amp;nbsp;arguments are more in evidence—that the arguments are increasingly heard only because&amp;nbsp;of their true intellectual merit. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;The idea that the prominence of the arguments is in fact&amp;nbsp;due to a social contagion is hardly ever broached, at least not outside university sociology&amp;nbsp;departments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;We know epidemics to be complex, and that several diseases can stem from a common core but not be cured by the same treatment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;The Subprime Crisis may &amp;nbsp;produce a paradigm shift, or it may not. The race to specialization, and the clustering of knowledge it fomented, certainly played a strong role in how the situation rolled out.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Tackling Global issues, such as future financial crisis, will certainly imply more Global thinking.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-8124055589477187456?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/8124055589477187456/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/subprime-flu-acknowledging-complexity.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8124055589477187456'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8124055589477187456'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/subprime-flu-acknowledging-complexity.html' title='The Subprime Flu - Acknowledging the Complexity of Finance -'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Su2jwOdNhEI/AAAAAAAAAFY/9xka-XiwFzs/s72-c/Sans+titre.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-4679460260702820092</id><published>2009-10-27T04:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-12-03T04:40:22.378-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Options'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arbitrage'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cygne Noir'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MANDELBROT'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Politique Monétaire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Statistiques'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Behavioral Economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='TALEB'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Analyse Technique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='FAMA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hasard'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='SHILLER'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Marchés financiers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Improbable'/><title type='text'>L'importance des Black Swans en Economie</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;En 1997, le fond Long Term Capital Management (&lt;b&gt;LTCM,&lt;/b&gt; qui comptait à son bord les deux prix nobels &lt;b&gt;MERTON&lt;/b&gt; et &lt;b&gt;SCHOLES)&lt;/b&gt; disposait des modèles de prédiction les plus avancés de sa génération.&amp;nbsp;Guidés par les conseils de&amp;nbsp;ces algoritmes concernant la dégradation de l'économie, les gérants vendent de grands nombres d'options de couverture misant sur une baisse de la volatilité (voir &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/05/buffett-derivatives-danger-oped-cx_ptp_0506buffett.html"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;ici&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;). En effet, la volatilité sur les marchés atteignait des sommets, et la très forte &lt;i&gt;probabilité &lt;/i&gt;qu'elle baisse laissait entrevoir des profits Mark to Market records. Le 17 Aout 1998, l'Etat Russe procéda à la dévaluation de sa monnaie et fit défaut sur sa dette. Un évènement inconcevable qui n'avait aucune place dans les modèles utilisés par le fond. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/When-Genius-Failed-Long-Term-Management/dp/0375758259"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Les Génies avaient échoué&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;, &lt;/u&gt;et le monde financier traversera une crise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Un &lt;b&gt;Black Swan&lt;/b&gt; ou "Cygne Noir" est un évènement rare, imprévisible, et dont l'impact sur son environnement est majeur. Celui-ci peut etre positif ou négatif, des exemples allant des attentats du World Trade Center à l'apparition de Google, en passant par la découverte du Feu ou le Tsunami asiatique.&amp;nbsp;Attribué à&lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nassim Nicholas TALEB &lt;/b&gt;pour son &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.fr/Black-Swan-Impact-Highly-Improbable/dp/0141034599/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=english-books&amp;amp;qid=1256480296&amp;amp;sr=8-2"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;livre&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;paru 2007, le terme est dorénavant devenu commun dans le cercle des Financiers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Maintenant que nous commençons à avoir du recul sur les évènements ayant mené à la crise des Subprimes, il est devenu commun de dénigrer ceux qui "auraient du voir venir la crise" (les noms les plus communs étant Bernanke, les élites de Wall Street, les économistes...) et d'accorder une confiance aveugle à ceux "qui l'avaient bien dit" (Peter &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;SCHIFF&lt;/b&gt;, Nouriel &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;ROUBINI&lt;/b&gt;).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pourtant, si une unique leçon était à tirer de la Crise économique, c'est que l'improbable dépasse par définition nos capacités de prévision: nous devons apprendre à composer avec lui, et passer outre notre volonté de toujours vouloir prévoir. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Les Oeillières de &lt;b&gt;GAUSS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;A chaque crise économique sont associés des noms d'Economistes, Traders ou autres personnalités de la sphère financière ayant "prévu la crise". Ceux-ci voient leur cotes monter, et leur carnet de clients potentiels exploser: &lt;i&gt;on leur reconnait un talent, une expertise&amp;nbsp;qu'ils monétisent.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;En reconnaissant à ces individus un pouvoir de lecture sur les marchés financiers, on leur attribue la capacité de comprendre l'exubérance&amp;nbsp;irrationelle y reignant. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Et si ils n'avaient pas eu raison par usage d'une capacité de rationnalisation hors-norme mais simplement &lt;i&gt;par hasard?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Illustration du "&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivorship_bias"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;survivorship bias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;",&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;notre inclination naturelle a porter attention aux performances des survivants, en omettant la taille de&amp;nbsp;l'échantillon&amp;nbsp;initial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuXB1stEI7I/AAAAAAAAAEw/x6Zd8-YMm8U/s1600-h/Hasard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuXB1stEI7I/AAAAAAAAAEw/x6Zd8-YMm8U/s640/Hasard.jpg" vr="true" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Le cerveau humain génère en permanence des schémas (patterns) destinés à&amp;nbsp;analyser les données qu'on lui donne à synthétiser. Un des schémas de rationnalisation les plus intuitifs est certainement la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt; &lt;a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_normale"&gt;courbe de Gauss ou Loi Normale&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;L'idée a retenir pour cette analyse est que dans un environnement gaussien, la&amp;nbsp;fréquence&amp;nbsp;d'apparition d'un&amp;nbsp;phénomène appartenant a un ensemble&amp;nbsp;est inversement proportionnelle a son&amp;nbsp;écart avec la moyenne de l'ensemble.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Si l'on calcule la taille moyenne des individus d'un pays, il y a de moins en moins d'individus concernés lorsque&amp;nbsp;l'écart avec la taille moyenne augmente et ce,&amp;nbsp;jusqu'à ce que les &lt;i&gt;queues &lt;/i&gt;de la courbe atteignent 0. Avez vous&amp;nbsp;déjà&amp;nbsp;croise des individus mesurant 4&amp;nbsp;mètres, ou 20&amp;nbsp;centimètres?&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;La taille des individus&amp;nbsp;étant une variable gaussienne, la&amp;nbsp;probabilité&amp;nbsp;de trouver des personnes d'1m50 sera relativement plus forte en Asie (ou la taille ;&amp;nbsp;moyenne&amp;nbsp;est moins&amp;nbsp;élevée) qu'en Scandinavie (ou elle est plus&amp;nbsp;élevée).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;Comme la taille des individus, il existe de nombreuses&amp;nbsp;données&amp;nbsp;dont la distribution suit une loi Normale. Les Marches Financiers n'en font pas partie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Eugene FAMA&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;avait montre que si tel&amp;nbsp;était&amp;nbsp;le cas, des&amp;nbsp;écarts&amp;nbsp;conséquents (dont&amp;nbsp;l'écart-type serait 5 fois&amp;nbsp;supérieur&amp;nbsp;a la moyenne) ne devraient avoir lieu qu'une fois tous les 7000ans. &amp;nbsp;Pourtant, ces sauts sont observables environ tous les 3 ou 4 ans (soit plus de 1500 fois plus probables).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Benoit MANDELBROT&lt;/b&gt;, une des seules personnes tenues en respect par &lt;b&gt;TALEB&lt;/b&gt;, avait lui aussi&amp;nbsp;procédé&amp;nbsp;a ce type&amp;nbsp;d'expériences, avec les&amp;nbsp;mêmes&amp;nbsp;résultats: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Benoit Mandelbrot, who gives short shrift to those who believe financial markets resemble a bell curve, with modest movements the norm and violent moves infinitesimally rare. Looking at the daily movements of the DJIA from 1916 to 2003, Mandelbrot said that according to the neat bell curve analysis, there should have been 58 days when the Dow moved more than 3.4%, when in fact there were 1,001.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"&gt;Instead of just six days when there were movements of more than 4.5% there were 366. Only once in every 300,000 years should there have been a day when the Dow moved by 7% or more, but it happened 48 times. "Extreme price swings are the norm in financial markets - not aberrations that can be ignored. &lt;b&gt;Price movements do not follow the well-mannered bell curve assumed by modern finance; they follow a more violent curve that makes an investor's ride much bumpier&lt;/b&gt;," Mandelbrot says in his book The (Mis)Behaviour of Markets (Profile Books). "A sound trading strategy would build this cold, hard fact into its foundations".&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SubcReBvIII/AAAAAAAAAFI/VS4981Lu_Ek/s1600-h/Distribution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SubcReBvIII/AAAAAAAAAFI/VS4981Lu_Ek/s640/Distribution.jpg" vr="true" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Une&amp;nbsp;représentation&amp;nbsp;sous forme Gaussienne&amp;nbsp;des mouvements ayant lieu sur les marches financiers laisserait entrevoir a chaque&amp;nbsp;extrêmes&amp;nbsp;de la distribution des "Fat Tails",&amp;nbsp;reflétant&amp;nbsp;le fait qu'il existe un grand nombre&amp;nbsp;d'évènements&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;caractères&amp;nbsp;idiosyncratiques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuawyAgcS6I/AAAAAAAAAE4/gX8yWKmNJ6o/s1600-h/Retour+Actions.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="298" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuawyAgcS6I/AAAAAAAAAE4/gX8yWKmNJ6o/s640/Retour+Actions.bmp" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium; line-height: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px; word-spacing: 2px;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;Afin de&amp;nbsp;modéliser&amp;nbsp;leurs risques, les institutions financières utilisent des batteries d'indicateurs et modèles. Le &lt;b&gt;VaR&lt;/b&gt; (Value at Risk) est (était?) le plus populaire depuis son introduction par des quants de JPMorgan. Un des facteurs de sa&amp;nbsp;popularité: il renvoie un simple chiffre, censé refléter l'exposition aux risques d'un&amp;nbsp;portefeuille&amp;nbsp;déterminé. Un second facteur de sa popularité: La demande de la SEC&amp;nbsp;aux institutions financières&amp;nbsp;a la fin des&amp;nbsp;années&amp;nbsp;90 de publier un indicateur&amp;nbsp;reflétant&amp;nbsp;le risque de leur position. Enfin, Le Comite de Basel autorisait les Banques a fixer leur niveau de capital requis sur le niveau de leur VaR.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 22px;"&gt;Une citation plus que d'autres sur laquelle je pense utile de&amp;nbsp;s'arrêter:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;I believe that Value at Risk is the alibi bankers will give shareholders and the bailing-out taxpayer to show documented due diligence, and will express that their blow-up came from truly unforeseeable circumstances &lt;/b&gt;and events with low probability, not from taking large risks they did not understand. ... I maintain that the due diligence VaR tool encouraged untrained people to take misdirected risk with shareholders' and ultimately the taxpayers', money. (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.fooledbyrandomness.com/jorion.html"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;ici&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Comme vous pouvez le voir, elle vient de &lt;b&gt;TALEB&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;et, plus surprenant, elle date...1997.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Reposant sur les&amp;nbsp;préceptes&amp;nbsp;Gaussien en termes de&amp;nbsp;probabilités, le VAR ne pouvait voir venir des&amp;nbsp;chocs idiosyncratiques tels que l'explosion de la Bulle des&amp;nbsp;Télécoms&amp;nbsp;ou&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;la crise actuelle. Ces &lt;i&gt;Outliers &lt;/i&gt;se situaient au dessus de la &lt;i&gt;Tail&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;présupposée&amp;nbsp;par le&amp;nbsp;modèle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SukrHyI-_II/AAAAAAAAAFQ/ZMobaVXbMVw/s1600-h/Mandelbrot.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SukrHyI-_II/AAAAAAAAAFQ/ZMobaVXbMVw/s640/Mandelbrot.bmp" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SubEuqL6BFI/AAAAAAAAAFA/ETHqI0EJeMw/s1600-h/FatTail.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SubEuqL6BFI/AAAAAAAAAFA/ETHqI0EJeMw/s640/FatTail.gif" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Un cheval est muni d'oeillères pour ne pas être influencé par l'environnement extérieur. Le fait est, si un évènement majeur se déroule (Comme une voiture arrivant sur son flanc), il ne pourra pas la voir venir et sera percuté.&lt;br /&gt;Un arbitrage est réalisé: celui de se&amp;nbsp;protéger contre des phénomènes mineurs mais fréquents mais en augmentatnt son exposition à des phénomènes rares d'importance supérieure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En se concentrant sur le VaR et en appliquant implicitement une distribution normale aux évènements occurant sur les marchés financiers, le système financier s'est, lui aussi, muni d'oeillères.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="border-style: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/11/black-swans-dragon-kings-et-autres.html"&gt;2ème partie de l'article&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-4679460260702820092?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/4679460260702820092/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/limportance-des-black-swans-en-economie.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/4679460260702820092'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/4679460260702820092'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/limportance-des-black-swans-en-economie.html' title='L&apos;importance des Black Swans en Economie'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuXB1stEI7I/AAAAAAAAAEw/x6Zd8-YMm8U/s72-c/Hasard.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-8019117304930360172</id><published>2009-10-23T23:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-28T19:52:49.314-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Psychologie'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='illusion monetaire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Diamond'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='macroeconomie'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='nominal'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Behavioral Economics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='réel'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Esprit Animaux'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tversky'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politique monetaire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Marchés financiers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='inflation'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Monnaie'/><title type='text'>Illusion Monétaire, Marchés Financiers et Bulles</title><content type='html'>Peu de personnes savent ce qu'est et ce qu'implique l'illusion monétaire.&lt;br /&gt;Il y a de plus de fortes chances pour que la minorité qui connaissant le phénomène (dont vous et moi, tout du moins après lecture de cet article) n'en comprenne pas toutes ses implications.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le biais d'illusion monétaire jouit d'une reconnaissance si faible qu'il n'apparait selon la base &lt;i&gt;Factiva &lt;/i&gt;de Reuters que dans environ 700 articles sur les dix dernières années, contre environ 4 millions d'occurrences pour le terme "inflation". Pourtant, inflation et illusion monétaire sont intrinsèquement liés.&lt;br /&gt;Encore plus significatif,&amp;nbsp;observons les moments ou des articles de presse contenant "Money Illusion" sont publiés:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/St8uyZMrrjI/AAAAAAAAACk/l2qsMwEjrB0/s1600-h/money+illusion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/St8uyZMrrjI/AAAAAAAAACk/l2qsMwEjrB0/s400/money+illusion.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;Pour résumer, l'illusion monétaire est un phénomène dont la couverture médiatique est fonction croissante de la conjoncture. En temps de crise, le nombre de références augmente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'opinion collectif&amp;nbsp; étant un driver majeur des marchés financiers et de l'économie (comme évoqué dans l'article &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/%20%20http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/in-croyable-banquier-central.html"&gt;In-croyable Banquier Central&lt;/a&gt;), et cette opinion étant elle-même largement influencée par les médias d'information, il me semble important de se pencher sur le phénomène d'illusion monétaire.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pour bien comprendre ce qu'est l'illusion monétaire, considérons cet exemple:&lt;br /&gt;On vous offre une prime destinée à l'achat d'une voiture. Comme souvent en économie, on vous donne un choix:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Disposer d'une somme de 20 000€ pour l'achat immédiat&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Attendre 5 ans et disposer de 40 000€&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Jusque là, tout va bien.&lt;br /&gt;En revanche, admettons que au fil de ces 5 années d'attente la monnaie se soit dépréciée fortement et ne vale plus que 50% de sa valeur actuelle.&lt;br /&gt;Dans ce cas, les 40 000€ perçus dans 5 ans "vaudront" 20 000€ à la valeur actuelle de la monnaie.&lt;br /&gt;Vous aurez donc doublé la somme perçue, mais serez vous plus riches? Non.&lt;br /&gt;Mieux: possédant alors une voiture à 40 000€ et non pas une voiture à 20 000€, votre&lt;b&gt; valeur nette&lt;/b&gt; aura t'elle augmentée? Non.&lt;br /&gt;Mais, 40 000€ c'est plus que 20 000€, non? Et bien dans ce cas oui, si vous êtes victime d'&lt;b&gt;illusion monétaire&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Être victime d'Illusion monétaire, c'est fonder ses décisions économiques sur des Valeurs Nominales et non Réelles.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Valeur Nominale = Valeur réelle + Variation des Prix)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'illusion monétaire est tout d'abord un phénomène psychologique nous influençant au quotidien dans tous types de choix: investissements, pricing, prêts, ventes... comme l'ont montré &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;TVERSKY &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;et &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;DIAMOND.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'exemple pré-cité peut paraitre simpliste. Pourtant, les effets de l'illusion monétaire sont omniprésents et influent fortement sur le comportement des investisseurs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Idée reçue numéro 1: &lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'inflation est un phénomène maitrisé&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Je crois aux idées de l'Économie du Comportement (&lt;b&gt;Behavioral Economics&lt;/b&gt;) concernant&amp;nbsp; les biais psychologiques dans les choix des individus et l'importance de l'information. Les implications de&amp;nbsp; l'inflation sont sous estimées et mal connues. En 2007, l'ESCP offrait aux étudiants (dont moi à l'époque) le droit de disserter sur le sujet &lt;i&gt;"L'inflation est-elle partout et toujours un frein à la croissance économique"&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;On estime qu'il faut 2 ans de classe préparatoire pour commencer à cerner le sujet!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En réalité, l'inflation réelle est supérieure à l'inflation rapportée le Consumer Price Index (US)&amp;nbsp; car la composition de l'indicateur minore par définition l'augmentation des prix (le CPI exclu par exemple Food et Energy, et ne prend pas en compte l'inflation des actifs financiers).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuJ87is0lAI/AAAAAAAAAC0/zGbBZal-RQs/s1600-h/CPI.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuJ87is0lAI/AAAAAAAAAC0/zGbBZal-RQs/s400/CPI.gif" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En fondant notre analyse des effets de l'inflation, et de son corolaire d'illusion monétaire, sur la progression des revenus médians des foyers aux États-Unis, les résultats portent à réflexion:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuR5aQ8dYsI/AAAAAAAAAEo/IpgVpoLx0R4/s1600-h/salary+money+illusion.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuR5aQ8dYsI/AAAAAAAAAEo/IpgVpoLx0R4/s640/salary+money+illusion.bmp" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En calculant à partir des chiffres rapporté par le CPI officiel, non seulement le Revenu médian par foyer a chuté en termes &lt;i&gt;nominaux &lt;/i&gt;de plus de 4% entre 2000 et 2008, il aurait du gagner 25% pour conserver un pouvoir d'achat équivalent.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Idée reçue numéro 2: &lt;/u&gt;&lt;i&gt;Les monnaies des pays développés ne peuvent pas varier assez fortement pour se soucier du phénomène d'illusion monétaire.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Les monnaies sont elles aussi soumises au bon vouloir des marchés financiers. Si sur le long-terme la valeur d'une monnaie reflète des fondamentaux de l'économie du pays, à court-terme elle est influencée par les croyances des marchés et soumise à leur exubérance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prenons pour exemple le Dollar. Celui-ci semble tiré structurellement vers le bas en raison, entre autres, des mauvaises habitudes américaines en termes de Dette ou de création monétaire. Pourtant, son rôle clé dans &lt;a href="http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/la-fin-de-bretton-woods-2.html"&gt;Bretton Woods 2&lt;/a&gt; fait du Dollar une valeur refuge pour les investisseurs dans certaines circonstances. Au final, le billet vert fluctue fortement car il est soumis à l'irrationalité des marchés.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuBwhg-3KDI/AAAAAAAAACs/JzZJGuufaC8/s1600-h/Dollar+Trade+Index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuBwhg-3KDI/AAAAAAAAACs/JzZJGuufaC8/s640/Dollar+Trade+Index.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PIB, Résultats Nets des Entreprises, Valeurs Immobilières, Stock Markets&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;sont des exemples d'indicateurs économiques souvent (trop?) analysés sans prendre en compte le phénomène d'illusion monétaire.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Voici quelques illustrations pouvant porter à réflexion:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKZTDM58LI/AAAAAAAAAC8/b6YpQXco8b0/s1600-h/Dollar-Oil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKZTDM58LI/AAAAAAAAAC8/b6YpQXco8b0/s640/Dollar-Oil.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKbp9J6jPI/AAAAAAAAADE/nOcsrncQy8Y/s1600-h/S%26P+Dollar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKbp9J6jPI/AAAAAAAAADE/nOcsrncQy8Y/s640/S%26P+Dollar.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKfQvmPYUI/AAAAAAAAADM/KWVgKOV1G08/s1600-h/dollar+Dow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKfQvmPYUI/AAAAAAAAADM/KWVgKOV1G08/s640/dollar+Dow.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKixCzNF1I/AAAAAAAAADU/NsbOAYcEh5Y/s1600-h/Obligation+Dollar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SuKixCzNF1I/AAAAAAAAADU/NsbOAYcEh5Y/s640/Obligation+Dollar.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'analyse économique étant largement fondée sur la relativité entre 2 indicateurs ou plus (dénomination du pétrole en dollar, Gains sur le CAC en Euros...), &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;analyser en isolant les effets de l'illusion monétaire est essentiel pour comprendre les tendances. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-8019117304930360172?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/8019117304930360172/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/illusion-monetaire-marches-financiers.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8019117304930360172'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8019117304930360172'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/illusion-monetaire-marches-financiers.html' title='Illusion Monétaire, Marchés Financiers et Bulles'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/St8uyZMrrjI/AAAAAAAAACk/l2qsMwEjrB0/s72-c/money+illusion.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-7872964469109154536</id><published>2009-10-16T05:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-10T17:14:26.678-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Banque Centrale'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Friedman'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='FED'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Rogoff'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politique monetaire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Keynes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='inflation'/><title type='text'>"In-croyable" Banquier Central</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Si il est bien un personnage qui ait été propulsé sur le devant de la scène par les remous de la crise financière, c'est bien le Banquier Central. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Le Banquier Central exerce un réel métier de funambule, sa tache étant simultanément de mener une politique monétaire adaptée à la conjoncture economique mais aussi de s'efforcer à dompter les &lt;b&gt;Esprits Animaux &lt;/b&gt;keynésiens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;C'est d'ailleurs cette dernière fonction qui donnera à la figure du Banquier un rôle si « Central » dans l'économie globalisée.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;L'indépendance des Banques Centrales, l'intégration des marchés financiers,&amp;nbsp;ainsi que&amp;nbsp;la globalisation financière ont transformé l'exercice du Banquier Central du gestionnaire à l'orateur. Le Banquier Central a un rôle à jouer, dans le sens artistique du terme: il incarne un personnage.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;« Ayant regardé la politique monétaire des deux côtés aujourd'hui, je peux témoigner que le métier de banquier central en pratique relève beaucoup plus de l'art que de la science. Néanmoins, en pratiquant cet art sombre, j'ai toujours trouvé la science assez utile »&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Alan BLINDER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Face à ce personnage, les marchés financiers incarnent une audience passionnée. Le terme d’esprits animaux est, je trouve, pertinent pour 2 raisons :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;L’animal est celui qui répond à l’instinct, pour qui la raison n’est que secondaire relativement à l’&lt;i&gt;affect&lt;/i&gt;. C’est d’ailleurs ainsi que &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;KEYNES&lt;/b&gt; utilisait le terme dans sa &lt;u&gt;Théorie Générale &lt;/u&gt;:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;"Even apart from the instability due to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than mathematical expectations, whether moral or hedonistic or economic. Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as the result of &lt;b&gt;animal spirits&lt;/b&gt; - &lt;i&gt;a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities.&lt;/i&gt;" &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;L’animal peut également renvoyer à la notion de&lt;i&gt; troupeau&lt;/i&gt;. Comme le décrivait Thomas &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;FRIEDMAN&lt;/b&gt; (rien à voir avec Milton), dans son Best-seller&lt;u&gt; The World is Flat&lt;/u&gt;, les NTIC ont permis la formation d’un « Troupeau Electronique » pour qui la distance physique n’est plus rien: les ordres peuvent etre passes sur les marches financiers&amp;nbsp;sans contraintes de temps ni de distance. Ce troupeau développe un comportement moutonnier (Comme l’animal, tient donc).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Si sa fonction théorique est d’être titulaire de la politique monétaire, le Banquier Central joue en premier lieu le rôle de guide pour les marchés financiers. Il est le tuteur d'une sphère financière considérée comme &lt;b&gt;irrationnellement exubérante&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;GREENSPAN, SCHILLER&lt;/b&gt;). En terminologie neoclassique, le Banquier Central doit fixer les &lt;i&gt;anticipations &lt;/i&gt;des agents notamment&amp;nbsp;en termes de politique monetaire et d'inflation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SthjuRgduFI/AAAAAAAAABU/W2d_xtvB5Kw/s1600-h/Speech+Greenspan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SthjuRgduFI/AAAAAAAAABU/W2d_xtvB5Kw/s640/Speech+Greenspan.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Afin d'avoir l'effet escompté sur le développement de l'économie, la &lt;b&gt;politique monétaire doit être crédible&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;On distingue 2 grands Modèles de Banquiers Centraux:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Le Banquier Central Conservateur (&lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;ROGOFF&lt;/b&gt;): L'indépendance des Banques Centrales acquise, le Banquier Central doit gagner la &lt;i&gt;confiance&lt;/i&gt; des marchés institutions. Le Banquier Central Conservateur est celui qui est averse à l'inflation, est qui fera tout ce qui est en son pouvoir pour dompter la montée des prix. L'independance des Banques Centrales etant destinee a isoler la conduite de la politique monetaire des echeances electorales, le role du Banquier central conservateur n'est pas de satisfaire les agents mais de mener une politque credible et inalterable.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Str2tCYC5yI/AAAAAAAAABs/VyMmjMe5iFI/s1600-h/Volcker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Str2tCYC5yI/AAAAAAAAABs/VyMmjMe5iFI/s640/Volcker.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;ul style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Le Banquier Central Keynésien&lt;/u&gt;: Contrairement au Banquier Central Conservateur, le BC Keynésien se soucie aussi des autres composantes de l'économie comme taux de chômage ou croissance. Il n'hésite pas à utiliser les divers leviers de la Banque Centrale pour stimuler l'économie. Un exemple&amp;nbsp;historique est le &lt;b&gt;policy mix &lt;/b&gt;mene par &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;GREENSPAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; et &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;CLINTON, &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;alliant reduction du deficit et expansion monetaire (image 1). Le Banquier Central Keynesien est egalement tres contemporain (image 2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="border: medium none; clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/St6NSQ8PB_I/AAAAAAAAACU/Y58xufIWnBU/s1600-h/Clinton+Greenspan.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/St6NSQ8PB_I/AAAAAAAAACU/Y58xufIWnBU/s640/Clinton+Greenspan.bmp" vr="true" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Str7NFAuZGI/AAAAAAAAACE/oCNl1-AWINk/s1600-h/Rates.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Str7NFAuZGI/AAAAAAAAACE/oCNl1-AWINk/s320/Rates.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border: medium none; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border: medium none; font-family: inherit;"&gt;Comme souligné par les médias, universitaires et économistes; la crise des Subprimes est révélatrice d'une &lt;b&gt;crise de confiance&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="border: medium none; font-family: inherit;"&gt;Tout d'abord, car les CDS (Credit Default Swaps), qui constituent la majorité des produits dérivés ayant fait des dégâts dans les bilans des banques, sont des options sur le non remboursement de prêts: ce sont des produits constitués pour se couvrir sur des non remboursement. Ils reflètent le manque de confiance qu'ont eu les agents les uns pour les autres à un moment t ou tout était censé bien aller.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Ensuite, les Banques n'ont plus voulu se prêter entre elles, diminuant sensiblement la liquidité générale et le bon fonctionnement des marchés. Elles étaient bien trop apeurées par un éventuel mouton noir pour ne pas thésauriser leurs (maigres) liquidités.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Enfin, l'économie réelle a souffert de la dégradation de la confiance des ménages.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Cette crise de confiance est d'autant plus prégnante qu'elle suit ce que &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;Ben BERNANKE&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;avait appelé la &lt;a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2004/20040220/default.htm"&gt;&lt;b&gt;"&lt;i&gt;Grande Modération"&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;cette période allant des années 80 jusqu'en 2007 pendant laquelle un "&lt;i&gt;réglage fin"&lt;/i&gt; de la politique monétaire avait permis de réduire la volatilité de l'économie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SvRSkVE5LbI/AAAAAAAAAGg/3c4lkcI2PUQ/s1600-h/Great+Moderation.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SvRSkVE5LbI/AAAAAAAAAGg/3c4lkcI2PUQ/s400/Great+Moderation.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SvRY76YgPHI/AAAAAAAAAGo/m48QfutNZqU/s1600-h/Grande+Mod%C3%A9ration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SvRY76YgPHI/AAAAAAAAAGo/m48QfutNZqU/s640/Grande+Mod%C3%A9ration.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Comme le montre ce graphique, la période s'étendant de 1986 à 2007 n'est pas la première dans l'histoire des Etats-Unis pendant laquelle les cycles économiques se sont lissés. Un premier cycle lissé de 17 ans commençant en 1963 est visible, et la période des &lt;i&gt;Roaring Twenties&lt;/i&gt; (non représentée) démontrait déjà ce phénomène. Le lissage du cycle ayant eu lieu à la fin des années 20 est d'autant plus remarquable pour notre analyse que:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Comme l'avait&amp;nbsp; noté &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;FRIEDMAN&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;i&gt;« La croyance se répandit qu'une nouvelle ère était née dans laquelle le cycle des affaires était maintenant un phénomène dépassé en raison des progrès de la technique monétaire». &lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ce qui n'est pas sans rappeler le discours de 1994 sur la Grande Modération.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cette période se termina par la &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Grande Récession &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;débutant en 1929&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Aujourd'hui, l'économie a besoin pour repartir sur des bases saines de la confiance collective.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Un des soucis majeurs, c'est que les Banques Centrales (surtout la FED) ont perdu en crédibilité. En 1913, celle-ci avait été constituée pour être le &lt;b&gt;préteur en dernier ressort&lt;/b&gt; apportant la liquidité dans une situation de &lt;b&gt;credit crunch&lt;/b&gt;. Cependant, avec la taille critique du secteur financier contemporain est apparue la notion de &lt;b&gt;Moral Hazard&lt;/b&gt;. Si vous savez que quelle que soit la qualité de votre gestion vous êtes protégé, votre propension marginale à prendre des risques augmente. Pour les banques, c'est pareil. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;Les Banquiers Centraux avaient alors décidé de faire croire aux banques qu'elles n'étaient pas &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;too big to fail&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, et qu'elles ne devaient pas se sentir assurées. C'était l'époque de la doctrine de l'&lt;b&gt;ambiguite constructive&lt;/b&gt;: la communication de la Banque Centrale perdait en transparence mais introduisant la notion d'incertitude dans sa communication: "&lt;i&gt;Si vous m'avez compris, c'est que j'ai du mal m'exprimer" &lt;/i&gt;disait&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;GREENSPAN&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SvoP3W8i-XI/AAAAAAAAAHA/Xhk6d382SCo/s1600-h/greenspan.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SvoP3W8i-XI/AAAAAAAAAHA/Xhk6d382SCo/s400/greenspan.bmp" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Mais, déjà sous le mandat d&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;e ce même &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alan GREENSPAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; et de sa gestion de la crise des NTIC à base d'injection de liquidités, les banquiers s'amusaient à parler d'un &lt;b&gt;Greenspan Put&lt;/b&gt;: une garantie implicite qui les protègeraient&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;en cas de turbulence économique, comme l'option de vente&amp;nbsp;(put)&amp;nbsp;servant aux traders a se couvrir contre de trop fortes pertes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/StsssbSJEEI/AAAAAAAAACM/_5gOlbBQmrQ/s1600-h/MM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/StsssbSJEEI/AAAAAAAAACM/_5gOlbBQmrQ/s640/MM.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;Aujourd'hui, certains commencent à parler d'un &lt;b&gt;BERNANKE Put&lt;/b&gt;, celui-ci continuerait dans la tradition des coupes massives dans les taux et d'injection de liquidites aux moindres bosses sur le sentier de la croissance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;Mon avis, c'est que l'image des Banques Centrales est aujourd'hui largement&amp;nbsp;tributaire&amp;nbsp;de l'image du Banquier Central. La BCE et la FED ont eu des gestions très différentes de la crise économique et je ne m'attarde que sur la dernière car les États-Unis restent (pour l'instant) la pierre angulaire du Système Monétaire International.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;La FED a été créee au debut du 20eme siecle pour être le pompier de l'économie américaine et par extension de l'économie mondiale. Le problème, c'est que la globalisation financière et son corolaire, le &lt;b&gt;risque systémique&lt;/b&gt;, dépassent les capacités d'un unique organisme. &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;Ben BERNANKE&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;a accédé à la fonction de Banquier Central après avoir été reconnu expert sur son thème de prédilection, les crises financières. On aurait donc pu imaginer une certaine credibilite accordee par les marches a sa politique monetaire. Pourtant, sa gestion de la crise des Subprimes est largement questionnée. Le fait que son etude exhaustive de la Grande Depression de 1929 l'ait amene a imputer la &lt;a href="http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021108/default.htm"&gt;crise&amp;nbsp;financiere de l'epoque au manque de liquidites injectees&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;par la FED&amp;nbsp;de 1929 a 1932&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;peut etre un debut d'explication de ce manque de credibilite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;De fait, ce n'est pas seulement l'homme qui est remis en question mais derrière lui l'institution, et même le SMI. &lt;b style="color: blue;"&gt;Ron PAUL&lt;/b&gt; vient non seulement d'écrire le manifeste anti-Banque Centrale &lt;u&gt;End the FED&lt;/u&gt;, mais également d'appeler à la suspension de la réélection de Bernanke à la tête de la FED. Des initiatives comme &lt;a href="http://www.ronpaul.com/on-the-issues/audit-the-federal-reserve-hr-1207/"&gt;Audit The FED&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;gagnent du terrain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: inherit; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Le Banquier Central est devenu une pièce maitresse sur l'échiquier économique mondial. Sans regain de confiance de la part de la communauté financière, il ne pourra pas relancer l'économie comme souhaité et souhaitable. &lt;/i&gt;"On ne fait pas boire un âne qui n'a pas Soif" comme le disait un des premiers théoriciens de la crise économique: KEYNES. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol style="font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-7872964469109154536?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/7872964469109154536/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/in-croyable-banquier-central.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/7872964469109154536'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/7872964469109154536'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/in-croyable-banquier-central.html' title='&quot;In-croyable&quot; Banquier Central'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SthjuRgduFI/AAAAAAAAABU/W2d_xtvB5Kw/s72-c/Speech+Greenspan.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-8728735581411078617</id><published>2009-10-13T00:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-11T04:32:47.108-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='PIB'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conjoncture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='macroeconomie'/><title type='text'>La conjoncture a travers l'equilibre emploi-ressources</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/StQzV3buWiI/AAAAAAAAABM/jkHvUZbre0c/s1600-h/macro.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5391991104619829794" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/StQzV3buWiI/AAAAAAAAABM/jkHvUZbre0c/s400/macro.gif" style="display: block; height: 318px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 372px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; &lt;b&gt;L'équilibre emploi ressource &lt;/b&gt;traduit en macroeconomie la composition du PIB.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bien que le PIB soit souvent présenté comme un chiffre, il s'agit en réalité de plusieurs grandeurs aggregées.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Une des équations les plus répandues est celle décrivant la composition du PIB en économie ouverte: &lt;b&gt;Y=C+I+(G-T)+(X-M)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; En developpant cette equation (en séparant consommation des menages/entreprises par exemple, comme ici), on decouvre une multitude de facons de décomposer (ou composer) le PIB.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Ici, nous avons donc:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; Croissance du PIB = Consommation Privee + Consommation du gouvernement (G-T) + Consommation des Entreprises (FBCF+Inventaires) + Balance Commerciale (X-N)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Le PIB de la zone Euro mais surtout du Japon est soutenu par une balance commerciale en progression, mais les produits vendus sont largement issus de stocks et non de la production du trimestre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Au Royaume-Uni, consommation des ménages et consommations des entreprises sont en berne alors que l'économie articulée autour des services n'est pas en mesure de générer un excédent commercial significatif (l'élasticité des services à l'export est inférieure à celle des Biens). La recomposition des inventaires est en revanche un bon signe, signifiant que les entreprises ont épuisé leurs stocks et sont contraintes de produire pour satisfaire la demande&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-8728735581411078617?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/8728735581411078617/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/la-conjoncture-travers-lequilibre.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8728735581411078617'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8728735581411078617'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/la-conjoncture-travers-lequilibre.html' title='La conjoncture a travers l&apos;equilibre emploi-ressources'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/StQzV3buWiI/AAAAAAAAABM/jkHvUZbre0c/s72-c/macro.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-3109443340433832620</id><published>2009-10-08T23:30:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-27T18:16:34.074-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dollar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='politique monetaire'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='dette'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='inflation'/><title type='text'>Politique monetaire et Dette</title><content type='html'>Comme noté précédemment, le dollar se déprécie ces dernières semaines contre l'ensemble des monnaies. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Les parités de 2 monnaies entre elles étant assez variables, il peut etre intéressant de se pencher sur le &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Dollar Trade Index&lt;/span&gt;, qui mesure les variations du dollar face à un panier de devises:&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Ss_8ajZ1zmI/AAAAAAAAAAc/n7wCNstUyFA/s1600-h/Dollar+Trade+Index.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Ss_8ajZ1zmI/AAAAAAAAAAc/n7wCNstUyFA/s1600-h/Dollar+Trade+Index.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Ss_8ajZ1zmI/AAAAAAAAAAc/n7wCNstUyFA/s1600-h/Dollar+Trade+Index.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390804812096196194" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Ss_8ajZ1zmI/AAAAAAAAAAc/n7wCNstUyFA/s400/Dollar+Trade+Index.gif" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 262px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Pourquoi le billet vert se &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;déprécie&lt;/span&gt; t'il autant? Les raisons sont nombreuses, mais certaines me semblent à noter. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;La relance des marchés financiers:&lt;/u&gt; Comme l'a montre &lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;David Malpass&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; dans ses travaux sur les marches financiers, &lt;em&gt;la depreciation du dollar a joue un role majeur dans la progression des indices americains depuis les annees 2000.&lt;/em&gt; Pour exemple, en isolant l'effet de la depreciation du dollar, la progression du S&amp;amp;P 500 (indice US) a ete moins forte que celle du DAX (indice europeen) sur les dix dernieres annees. le mois de Mars, qui correspond au debut du rally boursier, est egalement le mois ou le dollar a atteint son plus haut face au panier de devises (cf graph).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Sortir de la Dette par l'inflation:&lt;/u&gt; Dettes privees comme Dettes Publiques sont a un niveau historiquement haut. Comme le montre la &lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ned Davis Research&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; le marche de la dette exprime en % du PIB a depasse en 2003 le niveau atteint dans les annees suivant la Grande depression de 1929. Il est important de distinguer Dette Publique et Dette du secteur prive. &lt;em&gt;Si une explosion de la dette privee a eu un effet procyclique entrainant la situation actuelle, l'endettement public prive les Etats d'une marge de manoeuvre pour mener des politiques economiques contra-cycliques. &lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5391605463962104898" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/StLUmoCENEI/AAAAAAAAAA8/t423B3EcFLQ/s400/Debt+Credit.png" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 233px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 327px;" /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;On distingue habituellement 3 types de situations pouvant permettre une sortie de dette:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Faire faillite (bah voui...); ce qui qui au vu du nombre d'entreprises concernees semble peu realiste tant sur le plan economique que sur celui du politiquement acceptable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Une amelioration generale de la situation economique permettant des rentrees d'argent utilisees pour reduire l'endettement, ce qui est a court terme et au vu des dettes contractees pas pour tout de suite.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;-L'inflation&lt;/em&gt;: Un grand nombre de prets n'etant pas correles a l'inflation, celle-ci a pour effet anticipe de reduire la valeur des prets a rembourser. Si je contracte un pret a 3%, et que l'inflation passe de 1 a 5%, le taux d'interet reel passe de 2% a -2%!&lt;em&gt; L'inflation diminue le poids de la Dette.&lt;/em&gt; Comme le veut l'equation de Fisher (MV=PY), une augmentation de la masse monetaire, entraine a vitesse de circulation et niveau de croissance stables, l'inflation. Certains, comme &lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;John Kemp&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;(&lt;a href="http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2009/01/20/us-and-uk-on-brink-of-debt-disaster/"&gt;ici&lt;/a&gt;), justifient donc les politiques d'injection de liquidites et de taux bas des banques centrales par une explication simple: &lt;em&gt;Les Banques Centrales creent de l'inflation. &lt;/em&gt;Et, comme le veut l'adage de&lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Robertson&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;"Si l'inflation n'est nulle part, il faut bien qu'elle soit quelque part".&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;A niveau de prix inchanges, la depreciation du dollar joue le role d'une inflation cachee, en diminuant la valeur des dettes contractees.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Trade vs Capital:&lt;/u&gt; Une depreciation du dollar a egalement des effets sur l'economie exterieure du pays. Si l'on suit la theorie, la depreciation permettrait aux Etats-Unis de retablir une balance commerciale moins deficitaire. En effet, selon le modele IS-LM-BP (modele avec: regime de change flexible, perfecte mobilite des capitaux, et augmentation de la masse monetaire en circulation), une depreciation du dollar devrait s'ensuivre d'une baisse des prix a l'international des biens produits aux US, et augmenter de fait la croissance US (vu que PIB= Consommation + Investissement + Solde Exterieur + Solde Depenses Etatiques, ou &lt;strong&gt;Y= C + I + (X-N)+(G-T)&lt;/strong&gt;) . &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5391621834104930498" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/StLjffkQgMI/AAAAAAAAABE/-dUQ8zUFSPo/s400/ISLMBP.bmp" style="cursor: hand; display: block; height: 189px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 253px;" /&gt;Pourtant, dans les faits, le gain commercial apporte par la depreciation est moins important que l'effet negatif engendre par la fuite des capitaux. L'argument qui voudrait qu'un dollar faible engendre une&amp;nbsp;réduction&amp;nbsp;du&amp;nbsp;déficit&amp;nbsp;commercial&amp;nbsp;américain&amp;nbsp;est bancal: 40% du&amp;nbsp;déficit&amp;nbsp;courant est du aux importations de&amp;nbsp;pétrole&amp;nbsp;dont la monnaie&amp;nbsp;d'échange&amp;nbsp;est le&amp;nbsp;même&amp;nbsp;dollar et &amp;nbsp;20% du deficit est du aux echanges avec la Chine, dont la monnaie est &lt;i&gt;pegged&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;au billet vert.&lt;br /&gt;La FED et le Gouvernement americain ont une seule solution: Tenter d'empecher la fuite des Capitaux en racontant aux investisseurs que l'Etat defendra un dollar fort, tout en le laissant glisser pour favoriser les exportations.&lt;br /&gt;"These men insult our intelligence. The US government desperately wants a weaker dollar – so boosting exports while lowering the value of America's massive foreign debt. The currency markets will keep betting against the greenback as they know the Federal Reserve will do nothing to stop a weaker dollar coming true. "Benign currency neglect" is the cornerstone of Obama's recovery strategy. "&lt;br /&gt;Ce n'est pas moi qui le dit, c'est Liam Halligan, &lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/liamhalligan/6292787/Benign-currency-neglect-could-spell-real-danger-for-US-economy.html"&gt;ici&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-3109443340433832620?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/3109443340433832620/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/politique-monetaire-et-dette.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/3109443340433832620'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/3109443340433832620'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/politique-monetaire-et-dette.html' title='Politique monetaire et Dette'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/Ss_8ajZ1zmI/AAAAAAAAAAc/n7wCNstUyFA/s72-c/Dollar+Trade+Index.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-8197502641870494080</id><published>2009-10-07T07:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-07T08:38:52.976-07:00</updated><title type='text'>La vérité vraie de la crise des Subprimes</title><content type='html'>La crise des subprimes s'est invitée depuis maintenant 2 ans dans le quotidien de chacun.&lt;br /&gt;Pourtant, rares sont ceux capables d'en comprendre les tenants et les aboutissants, que ce soit en raison de l'opacité des modèles financiers impliqués ou des sommes engagées.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comprendre est déjà difficile, alors l'expliquer... C'est pourquoi tout le mérite revient à ses deux vidéos (anglophones) qui utilisent des mots simples, pour que tous puissent (enfin) comprendre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La crise économique, ou comment avoir l'air &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;smart&lt;/span&gt; en soirées:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0zEXdDO5JU"&gt;Partie 1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhDkZjKBEw&amp;amp;feature=channel"&gt;Partie 2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-8197502641870494080?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/8197502641870494080/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/la-verite-vraie-de-la-crise-des.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8197502641870494080'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/8197502641870494080'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/la-verite-vraie-de-la-crise-des.html' title='La vérité vraie de la crise des Subprimes'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7858743463273188009.post-7877335529026893460</id><published>2009-10-06T22:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-20T21:42:24.739-07:00</updated><title type='text'>La Fin de Bretton Woods 2?</title><content type='html'>Ce premier post sur mon blog portera donc un titre semblable a un film de serie B.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bretton Woods, c'est ce fameux systeme monetaire organise a la sortie de la 2eme guerre mondiale.&lt;br /&gt;Je n'en reparlerai pas ici, le sujet etant souvent bien couvert.&lt;br /&gt;Cependant, comme dans un film de serie B, lorsque Nixon annonca le 15 Aout 1971 la fin de la conversion d'une once d'or pour $35, tout le monde a cru que BW c'etait fini... Ou pas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #ff6666;"&gt;Bretton Woods 2 &lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;est un terme invente par&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: #3366ff;"&gt;Dooley, Folkerts-Landau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;et&lt;/span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt;Garber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Si ils surnomment ainsi l'ere post-BW, c'est que pour eux le systeme reste equivalent, avec une grande puissance au coeur du systeme (USA), et une monnaie de reserve ($). Au cote de ce "coeur" du systeme, une peripherie (l'Europe/Japon, puis l'Asie) dont le modele de croissance s'appuie sur un taux de change sous-evalue et de fait sur les exportations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #000099;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Rien ne se perd, rien ne se cree, Tout se transforme. &lt;strong&gt;"l'hegemonie du Dollar"&lt;/strong&gt; chere a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Henry C.K Liu&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;reste intacte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Des la fin de BW1, le dollar assume son role de monnaie de reserve. Je distinguerais 2 grands facteurs ayant permis au dollar d'acquerir ce statut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;La doxa des &lt;em&gt;Chicago Boys &lt;/em&gt;de&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;Milton Friedman&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;:&lt;/u&gt; Une grande partie de la pensee economique depuis les annees 70 est en effet largement inspiree de la doctrine monetariste. Comme le montre avec brio &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #6633ff;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Naomi Klein &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;dans son tres subversif &lt;u&gt;"The Shock Doctrine"&lt;/u&gt;, l'ouverture economique de 'la future peripherie' de BW2 s'est deroulee selon les preceptes (Consensus de Washington et tout et tout) du FMI et de la Banque Mondiale. 2 ans apres la suspension de la convertibilite or du dollar, Pinochet declenche son coup d'Etat au Chili, et installe une politique economique determinee par... Milton Friedman. L'ouverture economique selon les politiques imposees par le FMI pour un PVD se revele souvent dommageable (tout du moins a court-terme) pour l'economie reelle. Les taux d'inflation sont incontroles, les monnaies se deprecient tres fortement... Ces meme pays qui tres vite constitueront 'la peripherie' de BW2 sont contraints de faire du &lt;strong&gt;currency peg&lt;/strong&gt; pour lisser la transition vers un systeme suivant les 3D. Le dollar, monnaie de reference, devient leur etalon de conversion ce qui propulse la monnaie au coeur du systeme economique mondial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;La cigale Americaine et la Fourmi Asiatique: &lt;/u&gt;C'est a la base de ce que l'on peut trouver dans les journaux et/ou rapports decrit comme "Grand desequilibre" mondial. Le prochain post sera dedie a l'illustration de l'equilibre macroeconomique emplois-ressources donc je ne vais pas trop faire de details sur ca tout de suite. Ce grand desequilibre, c'est succintement que l'Americain s'endette pour consommer et que le Chinois epargne, donc ne consomme pas. Logiquement, les monnaies asiatiques devraient s'apprecier. Cependant, les gouvernements asiatiques ont use de leur main pas tres invisible pour mettre les dollars entrants en reserve et maintenu ainsi une parite avec le billet vert intacte. Au final, les banques chinoises possedaient jusqua 2000 milliards de dollars en reserve au depart de la crise et le pays maintenait le Yuan sous valorisee. Autant dire qu'on retrouve ici (au moins 2000 milliards de fois) la logique Centre/peripherie.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Mais voila, aujourd'hui beaucoup se penchent sur des graphiques ressemblant a ca:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SsxUowrntuI/AAAAAAAAAAU/1BiotSQEUZ0/s1600-h/e-dollar.bmp"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5389775913295001314" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SsxUowrntuI/AAAAAAAAAAU/1BiotSQEUZ0/s400/e-dollar.bmp" style="display: block; height: 214px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ça, c'est l'évolution du taux de Change Euro/Dollar sur les dix dernières années.&lt;br /&gt;Ce que beaucoup de gens semblent retenir, c'est que le dollar a tendance a perdre de la valeur face aux devises de la périphérie. De la a crier a la fin du dollar comme monnaie de réserve, certains (prétextant également la morosité des chiffres prévisionnels américains comme le chômage etc...) semblent franchir le pas. Personnellement, je suis très dubitatif et pour au moins 2 raisons:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;La Cigale et la Fourmi, episode 2:&lt;/u&gt; La crise économique a beau être passée par la, le Grand Déséquilibre subsiste. Les réserves de la BC chinoise en dollars s'élèvent toujours a plus de 2000milliards. Le souci c'est, qu'avec des quantités de cet ordre en stock, le fait d'échanger ces dollars pour une autre unité de réserve (l'euro, l'or...) dévaloriserait le billet vert et donc les réserves de la BC. Soyons clairs, il est inconcevable de penser vendre 2000milliards de dollars en une transaction. Pour ne pas que ce trésor de guerre accumulé perde toute sa valeur, la Chine devra changer très progressivement la composition de ces réserves. Très, très progressivement. Aujourd'hui, c'est un vrai problème de riche que connait la Chine.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;Savoir compter sur ses doigts:&lt;/u&gt; Une deuxième raison de douter de la fin du dollar comme monnaie de réserve, c'est l'absence de vrai challenger réel a court-terme. Un petit exemple, avec la nouvelle d'aujourd'hui qui voudrait que le dollar perde progressivement une de ses fonctions majeures de monnaie de réserve: être la monnaie d'échange pour l'achat et vente de pétrole (&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7858743463273188009&amp;amp;postID=7877335529026893460"&gt;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7858743463273188009&amp;amp;postID=7877335529026893460&lt;/a&gt;). Avec un prix du baril de 70$, il faudrait que l'équivalent en Euros de 2 Trillion de dollars de monnaie europeenne pour couvrir les échanges pétrolifères alors que l'ensemble des pièces et billets crées depuis la création de la monnaie commune a été de 9,5 Trillion de Dollars. 1/5 de la masse monétaire euro créée depuis sa naissance serait divertie? Faire fonctionner la planche a billets a cette hauteur n'est pas concevable a court-terme... Sans parler de la dévaluation engendrée de l'euro...&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7858743463273188009-7877335529026893460?l=ecodesnuls.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/feeds/7877335529026893460/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/la-fin-de-bretton-woods-2.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/7877335529026893460'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7858743463273188009/posts/default/7877335529026893460'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://ecodesnuls.blogspot.com/2009/10/la-fin-de-bretton-woods-2.html' title='La Fin de Bretton Woods 2?'/><author><name>AS</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10093579296277603782</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_iVWBaPCdKpg/SsxUowrntuI/AAAAAAAAAAU/1BiotSQEUZ0/s72-c/e-dollar.bmp' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
